Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Religion - Essay Example These patterns are also manifested in Great Britain, where affiliation to the Church of England determined voting patterns. The effect of religion on political systems is also manifested by Catholicism and Protestant views, where Catholic candidates in presidential elections receive distinct and different reactions between Protestants and Catholics. The other effect of religion in political systems is indicated in the prohibition, birth control and abortion debates. Both in the United States, Europe and Third World economies, and religion has been the major force in determining whether the factors mentioned above are legal or prohibited. The religious issue is deeper in the Third World, where political parties are determined by religious affiliation. Third World economies have varying types of communal political parties, sect-based parties and ideological religious parties that are based on religious views. One of the best examples of the effect of religion on political systems is the Islamist movement in some Third World countries that runs the politics of these countries. Developing forms of Islamism were promoted by Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khoumeini of Iran and came to develop to become organized

Biomes and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Biomes and Diversity Essay Extinction is a natural selection process. Should humans strive to preserve a representative sample of all biomes or aquatic zones? Why should humans be concerned with the extinction rate? In my own opinion No but as u read more about it some things need to be preserved. For instance animals help the crops of the foods that we eat. Snakes help to cure different diseases. Humans help the plants and animals to grow. The fact that human beings are a species means that they depend on many other species that exist in the world. If an animal becomes extinct, this can have a knock on effect to other species, and humans would inevitably be affected by the species becoming extinct. Humans also have a built in instinct to survive, as do other species of animals. It is not surprising, therefore, that humans feel the need to try and extend the life span of some species, as they would probably feel that if it came to it, that something would try and prolong the existence of humans. Humans should be concerned with the extinction rate, because the human population is growing and we need all the air, land, and animals to survive. There are humans that don’t quite understand that we have to preserve our land because we will be extinct sooner than later due to our big population.

Personal Narrative of Acting in a Play Essay -- Personal Narrative Ess

Autobiography It was a normal Sunday morning, the weather was good and church had just finished. We were all having coffee and then it struck me. There were lots of people in the hall, and they were all being given a booklet. I wandered over there with a few friends to try and see what they were doing. Then I saw it. The front cover of the booklet they had. It had a weird name. At first I didn't understand. Why was it called Stanmore Scenes? I knew we were in Stanmore but I didn't realize why you would call something Stanmore Scenes. Even so it wasn't until later that I would understand more about it. That evening my mum had a phone call from her sister. This helped me to find out what she and the others had been doing earlier that day. When I found out I was extremely confused. I didn't think my Aunty could act! I didn't even think it was possible for the church I went to, to put on a play about its life. It was mad. How could they put 150 years of history into a couple of hours? Was it possible to do? Anyway none of my friends were in it so why would I want to be in it, it was mad. So my friend Sarah and I decided we would leave them to it. After that Sarah and I soon forgot about Stanmore Scenes. All until one day a few weeks later at school. We were all told about this play being put on at St. John's church. We were also told that our school, St. John's C of E middle school would be singing at it. That week there were auditions, to check we could sing, in order to join the choir that would be singing in Stanmore Scenes. All my friends had gone through the audition to join the choir for the carol service, however I didn... ...s. They were extremely long! Then Sarah popped her head out the door and we went down to wait in the vestry. Finally it was time for our special part. At the end of the play, after everyone who took part was on the stage and had finished singing. Then George Altman, my grandpa, made an announcement. He said, "Please could Janet Davis, Daphne Johnson and Pat Stevens come down to the front." When they were at the front he said, "Now could the 3 young ladies come out and give the presentation to them." So Sarah, Abby and I came out in turn with a massive bunch of flowers for all 3 of the people who made Stanmore Scenes work. After they had received the flowers we sang Laudate Dominum for the last time. When we had finished we all came off the stage and got out of our costumes for the last time. It was brilliant!

Jesus Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language :: Jesus Religion Language Prohibition Essays

Jesus' Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language In an article entitled "Oath Taking in the Community of the New Age (Matthew 5:33-37)," Don Garlington calls Jesus' prohibition against swearing an oddity and the avoidance of swearing by certain Christian sects a superficial application of the logion.[1] As a member of one such group, the Mennonites, I offer an apology rather than a rebutal. Mennonites make affirmations rather than swear oaths in order to fulfil Jesus' command often without wondering if they have fulfilled his intention. When they find rationale for their avoidance of oaths, they tend to point to swearing as an occasion for sin rather than something sinful in itself. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, one avoids swearing in order to avoid an inadvertant sin of error or the habit of lying when one is not under oath.[2] Both of these reasons for minding the prohibition can be extrapolated from the Matthean text, but neither explains why the act of swearing a truthful oath is from evil. In order to comprehend Jes us' intent, we need to examine Jesus' understanding of language as a human activty that is not always accompanied by mindfulness of the reality that makes it potent, possible, and meaningful. Given that modern usage of "to swear" has come to include the acts of cursing and of using colorful expletives, a definition based upon biblical usage is essential. An oath is a performative utterance; it does not describe something, it does something.[3] According to speech-act theory, an oath accomplishes a number of separate acts. First, it can either expound a view by making a statement of fact regarding past or present events or it can commit the speaker to an obligation in the future. The oath's power to expound or commit relies upon its capacity to execute a second speech-act, the act of invoking God or some divine authority as a witness or guarantor. Finally, the oath puts into place a third speech-act, a conditional curse. Zechariah illustrates the potential of the curse with the metaphor of the flying scroll that consumes the house of any one who swears falsely (Zech 5:1-4). The speech-act of cursing does not depend upon the locutionary act; whether the curse is articulated or not the deed is done.[4] If one's oath proves to be false, God is justified in enacting the curse.[5] Speech-act theorist John Austin describes how oaths can go wrong under the rubric of the doctrine of the infelicitous.

Review Of Research Articles About Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

Below are 10 research articles and surveies that address issue we have discussed in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition for pupils that are English Language scholars. At the beginning of the class we discussed instructors ‘ prejudices and their deficiency of appropriate preparation and instruction in learning ELL that can impact pupils that are ELL. These abstracts validate that there is a job with prejudice. We have besides discussed the function of cultural and socioeconomics and how it affects the success of SLA. During this hunt, I noticed several articles turn toing different ways to turn to this issue. The running subject I have noticed is that there is no cosmopolitan and accurate attack to learning pupils who are ELL. There are many variables involved in each academic state of affairs. Students ‘ demands for larning 2nd linguistic communication are every bit single as each pupil. The attack for SLA depends on linguistic communication acquisition for the native linguistic communication ; socioeconomics, cultural issues, and if there are linguistic communication holds in the native linguistic communication.Gunderson, A L..A ( 2008 ) . The State of the Art of Secondary ESL Teaching andLearning.A Journal of Adolescent & A ; Adult Literacy, A 52 ( 3 ) , A 184-188.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 1601681651 ) .The 1968 Bilingual Education Act specified that pupils who â€Å" come from environments where a linguistic communication other than English has had a important impact on their degree of English linguistic communication proficie ncy ; and who, by ground thereof, have sufficient trouble speech production, reading, composing, or understanding the English linguistic communication † should be provided with bilingual plans ( Bilingual Education Act, 1968 ) . Students who were Spanish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, or Punjabi talkers had higher disappearing rates and lower classs in academic categories than Chinese talkers because there were differences in socioeconomic position and households ‘ abilities to scaffold their kids ‘s instruction when school plans failed to make so. It seems that the same amazing finding and intent could be focused on detecting how scientific discipline, math, societal surveies, and English instructors can learn successfully in schoolrooms that include increasing Numberss of ESL pupils. As we have learned in some of our treatment stations, we need to turn to all facets of our pupils ‘ backgrounds when learning a SLA. Culture and socioeconomics is an of import portion of this. The fact that there is a dropout rate for pupils of different cultural backgrounds shows that pedagogues are non implementing cultural sensitiveness and consciousness as portion of their direction. There can non be a cooky cutter attack to learning linguistic communication to changing civilizations.Nykiel-Herbert, A B..A ( 2010 ) . IRAQI REFUGEE Students: From a Collection of Aliens to a Community of Learners.A Multicultural Education, A 17 ( 3 ) , A 2-14.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Multicultural Module. ( Document ID: A 2176089481 ) .Systematic observations of kids of assorted cultural groups in their schoolrooms and communities ( Au, 1980 ; Delpit, 1996 ; Gibson, 1982 ; Philips, 1983 ) constantly demonstrate that kids perform better academically if the civilization of their schoo lrooms, including outlooks of appropriate behaviour and instructional schemes, reflect the civilization of their places. The topics of the survey are 12 refugee kids from Iraq in classs 3 through 5 ( ages 8 through 11 ) in an Upstate New York urban school, in mainstream schoolrooms, pulled out for 50-60 proceedingss of ELL instructions. After 12 to 18 months at the school, many of the Iraqi pupils in center and higher classs were hardly at the emergent degree of literacy acquisition The research workers created a separate, self-contained schoolroom for the low-performing Iraqi pupils. The Edison narrative confirms what some earlier surveies of minority pupil groups have demonstrated, viz. that â€Å" pupils ‘ public presentation in school is straight affected by the relationship between the cultural forms supported by the school and those adhered to by the pupils There were those that were opposed to the self-contained schoolroom for the Iraqi kids. They did non desire to make an ambiance of â€Å" separate † or â€Å" segregated † . This can be a valid point in some state of affairss. However, pupils had trouble with acclimatizing to their new milieus. When they were in their self-contained unit, issues that were impacting them specifically could be addressed while they were being surrounded by a group of equals that came from the same emotional and physical topographic point. They were comfy in a cultural scene that was familiar to them while larning their new linguistic communication and acclimating, with their equals, to their new location.DelliCarpini, A M..A ( 2010 ) . Success with ELLs.A English Journal, A 99 ( 4 ) , A 102-104.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1972796791 )Form a collaborative, interdisciplinary squad that would be after and develop an incorporate course of study th at built accomplishments and met criterions for both academic topics and the Career Development and Occupational Studies criterions developed by the New York State Department of Education. Students who participated in the eight-week faculties engaged in a assortment of reliable authorship undertakings, acquired information on US markets, and studied concern history in the United States, planetary markets, supply and demand, resume authorship, communicating accomplishments, and choosing a concern that will win in a given market and economic clime. The importance of turn toing post-secondary ends and accomplishments when learning a 2nd linguistic communication is an of import portion of SLA. As discussed in one of our faculties, motive plays a cardinal factor. Students are more invested in their acquisition when they see a existent life application that is of import to their personal ends.Rodriguez, A D. , A Ringler, A M. , A O'Neal, A D. , A & A ; A Bunn, A K..A ( 2009 ) . English Language Learners ‘Percepts of School Environment.A Journal of Research in Childhood Education, A 23 ( 4 ) , A 513-526.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1807801991 ) .This survey investigated the perceptual experiences of 123 pupils ( 57 monolingual and 66 English linguistic communication scholars [ ELLs ] ) from a rural public simple school in North Carolina with regard to school clime, course of study and direction, extracurricular activities, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. With regard to teacher readying, Smith-Davis ( 2004 ) argued that instructors are non adequately prepared to assist ELLs make their maximal academic potency. The research workers visited the school 16 times over a six-month period in order to roll up the information. During the interviews with the bilingual and monolingual pupils, the research workers followed a modified version of the questionnaire protocol titled â€Å" Measuring success in ESL plans, † which was originally authored by Carrasquillo and Rodriguez ( 1998 ) although the informations reveal basically no differences in school clime, during the interview, several pupils reported that they were punished if they spoke in their native linguistic communication. After questioning a sum of 123 pupils in kindergarten through Grade 5, the chief determination of this survey is that the perceptual experiences of simple ELLs and monolingual scholars in a peculiar rural school in North Carolina were strikingly similar. the monolingual pupils in all classs besides have less self-esteem than the ELLs at all degrees, kindergarten through class 5. This is one school that evidently had a really strong ESOL plan in topographic point. Students did non detect any differences in course of study or extracurricular activities. This shows that instructors were supplying the same degree of challenge in all scenes. The survey would hold been more interesting if they used the questionnaires in three or four different schools with different socioeconomics and diverse backgrounds. North Carolina seems to be on the film editing border when it comes to ESE plans. The universities seem to make much research with RTI, ESE and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brice, A A. , A Shaunessy, A E. , A Hughes, A C. , A McHatton, A P. , A & A ; A Ratliff, A M..A ( 2008, A October ) . What Language Discourse Tells Us About Bilingual Adolescents: A Study of Students in Gifted Programs and Students in General Education Programs.A Journal for the Education of the Gifted, A 32 ( 1 ) , A 7-33,139-141.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1574104461 The intent of this survey was to analyze pupil discourse between bilingual pupils in talented plans and bilingual pupils in the general instruction plans in an urban in-between school. This survey suggests a minor linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. The overall decision seems to bespeak that bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involves many variables and that the relationships are non needfully direct. Participants were 16 pupils served in public in-between school ( grades 6-8 ) in one of the largest urban school territories in the southeasterly United States. In amount, the grounds from this survey suggests assorted support for the three research inquiries and a little linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. Bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involve many variables ) . It appears that an apprehension of bilingualism and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition would be good for gifted and general instruction instructors. Some surveies seem to province the obvious. It would look that a talented pupil would hold an advantage in any regular or ESE scene. I agree that preparation for instructors who teach general instruction and talented plan should hold cognition of SLA. Students with disablements are in the chief watercourse schoolrooms much more than in the yesteryear. It is of import for ALL instructors to understand facets of SLA and ESE instruction.Meisel, A J..A ( 2007 ) . The weaker linguistic communication in early kid bilingualism: Geting a firstlinguistic communication as a 2nd linguistic communication? A Applied Psycholinguistics, A 28 ( 3 ) , A 495.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 1289045851 ) .Past research demonstrates that first linguistic communication ( L1 ) -like competency in each linguistic communication can be attained in coincident acquisition of bilingualism by mere exposure to the mark languages. The inquiry is whether this is besides true fo r the â€Å" weaker † linguistic communication ( WL ) . The WL hypothesis claims that the WL differs basically from monolingual L1 and balanced bilingual L1 and resembles 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. In this article, these claims are put to a trial by analysing â€Å" unusual † buildings in WLs, perchance bespeaking acquisition failure, and by describing on analyses of the usage of Gallic by bilinguals whose dominant linguistic communication is German. The available grounds does non warrant the claim that WLs resemble L2. Alternatively, it shows that WL development can be delayed, but does non propose acquisition failure. Finally, reduced input is improbable to do acquisition failure. The cardinal issue at interest is to research the bounds of the human linguistic communication devising capacity. I believe this addresses BICS and CALP. Reduced input is improbable to do acquisition. However increased end product is really built-in portion of linguistic communication acquisition. If you do n't utilize it, you lose it. This besides reminds me of a survey in one of the treatment posts that discusses simplifying linguistic communication while pupils learn to cut down their defeat degree. Joko Kusmanto, A & A ; A Anni Holila Pulungan.A ( 2003 ) . The Acquisition of English Negation ‘No ‘ and ‘Not ‘ : Evidences from an Indonesian Child in Non-Native Parents Bilingual Program.A K @ Ta, A 5 ( 1 ) , A 41.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 967696001 ) . Every kid is born with an unconditioned gift by which ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) acquisition is possible. This position emphasizes the function of cosmopolitan belongingss every kid is born with to get ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) . This paper presents the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid brought up in Indonesian – English Non-native Parents Bilingual Program ( NPBP ) . The analysis is directed to uncover the form of ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ usage as the grounds that a kid still acquires a targeted linguistic communication despite the hapless targeted linguistic communication input s/he is exposed to. The consequence of the analysis shows that the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid in Indonesian – English NPBP besides has a form which falls into syntactic, semantic, and matter-of-fact instances. To some extent, it supp orts Universal Grammar frame, but there are some which provide new penetrations on this issue. The two pupils in are data analysis in faculty 5.2 both had negation issues. One had L1 that was Spanish and another had L1 that was Chinese. This kid is Indonesian. This seems to back up the research that a targeted linguistic communication can still be learned due to cosmopolitan grammar frame. The pupils understand the basic rule of negation. They may be non be puting no and non in the right order. However, they understand the basic rule regardless of their native linguistic communication.Stanley I Greenspan.A ( 2001, A November ) . Working with the bilingual kid who has alinguistic communication delay.A Scholastic Early Childhood Today, A 16 ( 3 ) , A 28-30.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 85642407 ) .Greenspan discusses what a instructor should make if she suspects that a bilingual preschool pupil has a linguistic communication hold. The first measure should be to find if the linguistic communication hold is merely in the 2nd linguist ic communication, or if it is present in both linguistic communications. It ‘s really of import for kids who have linguistic communication holds, but are otherwise synergistic, to be in scenes with other kids who are communicative. The beat of interaction is critical for linguistic communication development, so it ‘s really of import for the kid to hold communicative and verbal equals. What we want is interaction, interaction, interaction! I am used to working with pupils that are speech-language impaired. However, I ne'er think of this in footings of pupils who may be SLA. The instructor in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Unit has a new pupil from Mexico who has no linguistic communication. She did non travel to school in Mexico. She knows no mark at all, no reading, etc in her native linguistic communication. As a adolescent, she is larning linguistic communication for the first clip. Students in my unit who are speech-language impaired have made important betterments in linguistic communication by patterning their equals and their instructor. Obviously, their linguistic communication would non hold the same betterments if they did non hold any interaction with persons ( instructor and/or equals ) that interacted with them on a day-to-day footing.Mary Ann Zehr.A ( 2010, A October ) . Boston Settles With Federal Officials in ELL InvestigationA : District Agrees to Retest 7,000 Students ‘ English Skills.A Education Week, A 30 ( 7 ) , A 10.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 2171700391 ) .Carol Johnson, the schools overseer in Boston, where 28 per centum of the territory ‘s 56,000 pupils are ELLs, said in an interview that the system has been seeking for a twelvemonth to convey its schools into conformity with federal civil rights jurisprudence. The attempt has involved developing some 2,000 instructors in how to work with English-learners, retesting the English accomplishments of 7,000 pupils, and mapping programs to speed up the acquisition of ELLs who should hold received services before but did n't. A study last twelvemonth by the Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, found the territory was n't decently measuring and placing many pupils as ELLs. In May 2009, the territory hired Ms. De Los Reyes and tasked her with turn toing the deficiency of services to ELLs cite d in the 2008 province reappraisal. She said the colony resulted from a strong coaction with the Justice and Education sections. I find this interesting that pupils were non being decently assessed as ELL. These pupils were taking their standardised trials I the mainstream and non in their native linguistic communication. Students were in the schoolroom. However, I ‘m inquiring if some of these schools had ESOL plans or they were trusting on untrained instructors to turn to the educational demands of the pupils that were ELL. If instructors are non trained in ELL or ESE, they may non be cognizant of the regulations on standardised testing for pupils who were SLA. They should reexamine the deficiency of services and the deficiency of instruction for instructors to supply services to pupils that are ELL.Huang, A J. , A & A ; A Brown, A K..A ( 2009 ) . Cultural FACTORS AFFECTING CHINESE ESL STUDENTS ‘ ACADEMIC LEARNING.A Education, A 129 ( 4 ) , A 643-653.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1800962381 ) .Confucianism meets Constructivism in North American univers ities and our schoolrooms are neglecting to run into the educational outlooks of Chinese pupils. Specifically, pupils from the People ‘s Republic of China mentioned six countries where they feel uncomfortableness: ( a ) They feel uncomfortable with the schoolroom behaviour of North American pupils. ( B ) They question the value of a professorial focal point on treatment instead than talk. ( degree Celsius ) They query the professor ‘s failure to follow the text edition. ( vitamin D ) They feel there is excessively much accent on group work. ( e ) They note a deficiency of talk sum-ups along with an evident deficiency of organisation. ( f ) They portion on common involvements ( e.g. athleticss, faith ) with their North American opposite numbers. This paper discusses the cultural factors that affect Chinese pupils ‘ academic acquisition at North American universities. It besides provides deductions for North American professors. This is more interesting research on how civilization affects pupils ‘ positions towards linguistic communication acquisition. In one treatment station, the issue of motive and how the pupils ‘ positions of the people and civilization for SLA affects their motive to larn. The Chinese pupils did non understand certain cultural facets and behaviour of North American pupils. Hidden course of study is an of import facet to include when learning a new linguistic communication to non-native born pupils.

Revolution Causes essays

Revolution Causes essays Soon after England established the colonies in the New World, it began a period of salutary neglect. The English rarely intervened with colonial business. It was during this time that the colonies began gradually to think and act independently of England. This scared England, and initiated a period in which they became more involved in the colony's growth. Parliament tried o establish power in the New World by issuing a series of laws. The passage of these laws undermined the Colonist's loyalty to Britain and stirred the Americans to fight for their freedom. Before 1763, the only British laws that truly affected the colonists were the Navigation Acts, which monitored the colony's trade so that it traded solely with England. As this law was not rigidly enforced, the colonists accepted it with little fuss. The colonies also accepted England's right to monitor trade. The change of course in 1767 was what really riled the colonists. England began to slowly tighten its imperial grip to avoid a large reaction from the colonists. Additional problems began when England passed the Writs of Assistance, which gave British officials the right to seize illegal goods, and to examine any building or ship without proof of cause (The American Revolution, pg.62). This was a powerful weapon against smuggling, but most importantly to the Colonists; it allowed the invasion of their privacy. This was crossing the line and violating the rights of an English man. During the Seven Years War, the British sent over ten thousand troops to America to deal with prop erty problems at the frontier. This cost a large amount of money, and Britain did not want to see the sum come out of its own pocket. To pay for some of the expense, Britain began to pass acts to tax the colonists and lighten the severe debt the empire was in. The Sugar Act of 1764 was an example of a tax that had many affects on the Colonial lifestyle. The act stated that any foreign exportation ...

Organisational Values case study on Poundland Essay Example

Organisational Values case study on Poundland Essay Example Organisational Values case study on Poundland Essay Organisational Values case study on Poundland Essay Theory Into Practice Project Organization Values Case Study On Poundland Table of content S. NO CONTENT PAGE NO Executive Summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. A. ) Poundland 4. B. ) Organizational Values of Poundland C. ) Research Question 6. D. ) Research Aim 5 7 E. ) Research Objective 8. F. ) Research Method 9. G. ) What Follows 10. Literature Review 11. A. ) Organizational values 12. B. ) Importance of Organizational Values 13. C. ) Six Organizational values of Poundland 8 14. a. ) Customer First 15. b. ) Keep it simple 16. c. ) Treat every pound as your own 17. d. Recognition and celebration 9 18. e. Individual responsibility for team delivery 19. f. ) Respect each other Methodology 10 21. Result 11 Discussion 14 Conclusion Recommendation 16 24. Reference Bibliography 25. Appendix 17 Executive summary: The report reveals the organizational values importance in an organization. The role of these values in an organization is discussed. The aim and objective of the research is discusse d. The method to achieve the aim is also discussed in detail. Literature reviews were done to prove the importance of organizational values. Six organizational values of Poundland were discussed to prove the impact of rganizational values on individual and personal life . Sampling method is used in this research. Sample data from the colleague is collected from Poundland store and these data are processed. The survey result has been helpful in highlighting the importance of organisational values. The discussion was carried upon the result of the methodology, which was used to prove the necessity of organisational value in an organization. Appropriate recommendations have been given to implement these values in an organisation. Conclusion has been done to state the aim of the research as successfully completed to prove the need for the organisational value in an organisation. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the importance of organization value and why every organization is giving more importance to its organization value. Organization values are an important element in any organization. Before starting an organization, the company makes a clear organization values so the vision and mission of the company is carried forward without any deviation. In this report the organization values are critically analysed and the impact on the employee are also nalysed. The importances of organization values are explored and the impact of the values on the Business is analysed. For this case study POUNDLAND as an organization is been selected and its organization values are discussed in this report. Poundland has six organization values. This report will evaluate the values and impact on the employee and the result on the business. A. ) POUNDLAND: Poundland is Europes biggest single price discount retailer and winner of the 2011 Discount Retailer of the year. It has over 400 stores in the 13K, including Northern Ireland and sells quality top brands and own brand products for all for the single price point of El each, providing customers with amazing value every day. Serving over 4. 5 million customers every week, Poundland is an irresistible shopping experience where shoppers are guaranteed to find over 3000 quality products and over 1000 Top brands, across 17 shopping categories including food and drink, health and beauty, household, gardening, DIY, Pet, Stationery, books, DVDs and toys. With a growth strategy of at least 60 new stores every year, Poundland is again on track to create approximately 2000 new Jobs. B. Organization Values of Poundland: At Poundland, The Company expect every colleague to live the organization values, so it really important that every individual mean by them and know what they can do to show the company that they are up for the challenge. Poundland has six values they are Customers are our business, Keep it simple, Treat Every Pound as Your Own, Recognise and celebrate success, individual responsibility for team delivery and Respect each other. This values had a greater impact on every individual working in Poundland, this motivated in choosing this topic for the research. The real secret ehind the success of Poundland is this strategy of implementing the organizational value in an effective way. C. ) Research Question: This research is dealing with the organizational value and highlighting the importance of organizational values. The report will be fully focused on organizational values and the subject will be within the scope of organizational the business. This report will analyse the strategy of implementing the organizational values will affect the growth of the organization. Discuss the necessity of Organizational values in an organization and highlight the importance of Organizational values. D. ) Research Aim: Research aim is determine the need for organizational values in an organization. The research will also focus on the importance of organizational values and the impact it makes on organization. The aim is to project about organizational values and its importance in an organization. E. Research Objective: To critically evaluate academic and corporate literature in regarding with Organizational Values. To analyse the impact of Organizational Values in an organization and its importance. To examine the benefits that resulted on an organization by adopting Organizational Values. F. ) Research Method: Survey method is used in this research project. Six organizational values where used in the questioner and put across three store of Poundland. Data will be collected and processed and result will highlight the growth in the performance and moral disciplinary of individual in the organization. G. ) What Follows? : This research will continue with Literature review on Organization Values. This chapter will contain the proper definition of Organization values, followed by the importance of organization values. Then measuring Organization values will be discussed, followed by Methodology. The next chapter will follow with discussion to upport the Organizational value in an organization. The conclusion will be followed after the discussion. Literature review: Before moving into the literature review, we need to understand the term called Organizational values. Values are conceptualized as fundamental beliefs and unwritten standards that guide behaviour and Judgment across situation in an organization. Values are defined as fundamental beliefs and assumption that guide individual behaviour and Judgments across situation. Organizationally, values are indicative of the most defining characteristics of an institution. A. )Organizational Values: Organizational Values have long been consideration important to explaining action in and around organization. For instance, organization has been thought to reflect the values of their members, especially their founders and executives. The values must be followed by every individuals, the effective way to implement is that the top management must follow these value. So the values are carried from top to the lower level in an organization. So the action in and around the organization is focused and organization performance. So these values will come into action and the actions are the reflection of these values. These values must be priorities so that even the top management must follow these values in the organization. Organizational Values are a critical element of organizational culture and leadership, impacting both individual and organizational performance. Values have been associated with, for example Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover, trust and performance. The role of organizational values clearly has a role to play in organization performance. This shows that these values can make an impact on the organization performance. This values also impact on the individual performance eading to organization result. These values have impact on Job satisfaction, if the employee is happy with the organization values and this will reflect on employee work environment. If the employee is comfortable with the organization process, then it will reflect in the employee performance. These values must mould the individual internally, so they all can contribute to the organization growth together. Many organizations emphasize promoting values such as openness, trust, autonomy, initiative etc. This can be seen in their mission, vision, and core values statements that they proudly display. The organization projects their mission and vision statement and their values are given more priority. This values are introduce first to any individuals who are about to Join the organization. Every organization creates their own mission and vision statement and they give importance in implementing these core values in the organization. The success of the implementation depends on way the employees are treated. Since employees are the face of any organization, it depends on them to reflect these values. The core values of the organization is very critical, so the message must be properly design that it may enable a employee who orks in the organization to have a clear picture about the mission of the organization. These statements must be simple to understand and must be powerful. The values must be implemented although the organization, so its followed although the organization. It should be so powerful, so every individual must be follow to achieve the organization goal together as a team. In support to the recent literature review, organizations place more emphasis on community problem solving, neighbourhood disorder, local crime rate and fear of crime as they assess the performance of individual officers. The individual personal discipline is moulded by the impact of the organizational values. Since the individual spends most of his time at work, he is living with the organizational values which internally discipline him. The individual maintain these good values within the community where he shares his time. Some values may influence individuals day today activity. These values reflect on the individual to have a self discipline life. This will reflect on the community where lives and for the people around him. These may enable an individual from eliminating bad behaviour and following good values. This will help the individual to have smooth life in the organization. Since the action of the individuals action in and out are reflected by the organizational values. The organizational value plays a major role in an organization and it is a necessity that every organization must have its clear organizational value. The core values are important since without these values there will not be clarity in organization procedure. As the organizations grow by the period, the individual numbers will also grow in an organization. So if every individual takes their own decision because they ont have any guideline to take decision making. So its necessary to give a procedure organizational value, so all the individual inside the organization will bide with these values and contribute to the organizational growth. Organizational values serve many purposes. It sets the tone of the environment, bonds people together, facilitates work behaviour and achievement of shared goals. It also represent the ambitions that people hold for the organization as a living system because values define who and what each person has to offer as a human being to the overall enterprise. Organizational values have been shown to be critical variables in the decision by firms to adopt environmental initiatives. The first author says that the organizational value set the tone of the environment. The value thus has an influence around the individual making a healthy environment around him and binds people. The second author says that the values are critical element in making a decision to adopt environmental initiatives. Thus the values serve as an important environmental element to set a better place to work in the organization. Thus enabling work behaviour in a healthy manner and achieving the organizational oal together. Organizational commitment is a key construct in organizational psychology and has been defined as a psychological link between an employee and his organization that makes it less likely that the employee will voluntarily leave the organization. The researcher says that the individual have a bond with the organization, since the individual have been influenced by the values. This may result in, that the individual from moving out of the organization. Organizational values more supportive of balance also reported greater Joy in work, less Job stress, greater satisfaction with heir Jobs, careers and family, less intent to quit, fewer symptoms and higher levels of emotional well being. The researcher says that the values make a balance in work pressure and satisfaction. The value increases the greater Joy in work and simultaneously decreases the Job stress in the organization. Thus these result in that an individual finds it hard to leave the organization. The importances of the organizational values are discussed by the researcher. These values make a healthy environment in and around the individual in an organization. Thus result in the individual to have a bond between the employees in the rganization. The values discipline the individual to make a sensible environment to work and have a peace of mind. The values give a greater Job satisfaction and allowing the individual to have less stress at work. The individual have less intent to quit since he or she is enjoying the time they spend in the organization. The organizational values are detail discussed and the importances of values are highlighted. There are numerous values from different organization. For this research six values are discussed in this topic. Poundland has six values and these are discussed using literature. Customers Service: Based on service related literature, the authors indicate that empowerment, service training, and service rewards are positively related to Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Empowerment is a key factor to enhance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of contact employees, because thereby they obtain the flexibility to make on the spot decision. An effective training program also affects service providers Job environment satisfaction and also increase their organizational commitment. The researcher says that for better service, and customer satisfaction, mpowerment and service training are needed. It has been found that the qualities considered most important by organizational customers are competitiveness, reliability and adaptability. The supplier must demonstrate an ability to resolve the customers problem. The researcher points the importance of understanding the customer requirement to provide a better service and the adaptability to change to situation. IF the requirement is received an accurate solution can be given and this will increase the customer service. This will promote the brand name, fame and reputation of the organisation. Keep it simple: The organisation always wants it values to kept it simple, so it easy to understand and follow them. The values must be designed in such a way that the least individual will be eligible to follow it without any difficulty. This will result in individual performance and in the environment around him or her. So simplicity of the values is really important, that this can be implemented easily in any environment and effective result can be obtained. Treating organization as Your Own: Treating organisation wealth as your own wealth, this will result in proper maintenance of the organisation. If a loose happens to the organisation, if this value is influence on an individual, he or she will automatically find a solution for the problem and try to recover from the fall. So these make the environment to trust Recognise and celebrate success: Recognition is still an important management tool it is slightly different. Usually it is a non financial award given to employees selectively, in appreciation of a high level of behaviour or accomplishment that is not dependent on achievement against a given target. Recognition can be as simple as giving someone feedback on what they have done right. It is about acknowledging effort, commitment and learning, even if the outcomes were not as planned and it is also about, most importantly celebrating success. The researcher says that recognition is need in an organization; it need not be financial benefit, but to recognise the quality of work at right time. This may lead to individual better performance and making a healthy work environment. There is a widespread recognition that the dimensions of performance are broader than financial performance alone, that financial performance indicators measures and make visible only limited aspects of an organisations performance. The author tells that the financial performances have limitation and recognition have broader scope. Recognition must be done at the right time and the success must be celebrated. So this will boost the individual confidence and enabling him to improve his core competency in future. It is necessary that individual success to be celebrated in the organisation, giving him or her a appropriate recognition. Individual responsibility for team delivery: The value of an artificial system lies in its ability to maximize quality of life while minimizing restrictions on individual human freedoms. Each individual have their wn responsibility in the organisation. If they fulfil their responsibility, these internally reflect on their success in the organisation. Abiding with the responsibility is very important for any individual in an organisation. Respect each other: Respect is a thin concept we qualify for respect simply in virtue of our humanity. All who meet this minimal condition are entitled to an equal share of respect. One important difference between esteem and respect is that while esteem is clearly an important good, we are not entitled to it. We cannot demand it of others rather, it must be freely given if is to be genuine. Treat everyone in the organisation as yourself. Do to other what you want the other to do to you. This will make the environment to have a bond between people in the organisation. Respect denotes the belief that the self is valued as a member of the organisation, which can be communicated for instance by Just treatment. Researcher says that the treatment which is share in the environment must be highly respectable and given more Methodology: A convenience sample consisting of 50 sales assistance, across Poundland. This sales assistance contributes around 75 percentage of the employee in each store. The ample are taken in Area 34 in which the following stores are include, Deptford, Greenwich, Peckham, Lewisham, Eltham, Catford and Woolwich. These sales assistance Jobs are to provide customer service, shop floor filling and maintain the sales. They work in warehouse and shop floor equally. The questioner was constructed using 18 values; the questioner table was based on the value table constructed by . The questioner was classified into three major values such as organizational values, personal values and professional values. In organizational values the questioners contain six values which they follow in the organization uring their work. In Personal values the questioner was design to touch the value that impact on their day to day life. In Professional values key elemental values were listed in the table, this is done to prove the impact of the organizational value on the professional life. The collected data were then processed by the team supervisors in order to check the data from the organizational values. Then the corrected data were taken to the store manager to get the approval that the processed data were correct. In the whole process the individual identification was not revealed. The data related o the individual were collect except the personal information such as name was excluded. The feedback was asked to rated in rank the importance of each value on a 7- point Likert scale (1 = the least importance; 7 = the most importance). Figure 1: Values of three components Results: Sample Profile: The questioner was circulated to store in area 34 and the supervisor was given guidelines to how to carry out the questioner section. A week time was given to the colleague to complete the questioner and return back to the supervisor. The colleague was very cooperative and the questioner was returned successfully. The

Free Essays on Serial Killers

â€Å"I didn’t want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them.† This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (â€Å"Characteristics of Serial Murder†). Serial killers usually don’t have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill. This degree of overkill sets them a part from different serial killers. Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three sub-categories which are lust killers, thrill killers and gain killers. Lust killers kill for sexual pleasure. They are usually sexually underdeveloped and they kill for sex u... Free Essays on Serial Killers Free Essays on Serial Killers â€Å"What Makes a Serial Killer?† By La Donna Beaty Serial Killers Preface: I am writing this essay to discuss one of the points made in the essay, by La Donna Beaty, â€Å"What Makes a Serial Killer?†. My essay will explore one of the points she makes in reference to the possible cause and effect relationship of what makes a serial killer. In her essay, Beaty contends that one possible cause is the â€Å"family atmosphere into which the serial killer is born.† (Beaty 182) She gives as evidence, situations such as being psychologically abused as children, having poor relationships with the male figures in their lives, being rejected or neglected by their parents, and moving repeatedly, however I do not agree with this point. Simply having a poor family environment or being abused in any manner cannot cause you to become a serial killer. In my essay, I will make use of arguments from the heart, as well as, value-based decisions as to why I do not agree with the author’s point of view. Many people have not experienced an emotionally unhealthy childhood, however they have gone on to lead a well balanced productive life as an adult. We cannot possibly believe that the result of an unhappy or abused childhood is the sole result, which leads an individual down the path to become a serial killer. The real question is what other factors help to create these seriously demented beings. There is a great deal to consider when investigating the background of serial killers. Some argue that they were abused in their childhood. Most would agree that this is nothing more than a copout for an extremely mentally disturbed person. In the essay, â€Å"What makes a Serial Killer†, La Donna Beaty provides several theories as to how the relationships of childhood has affected and ultimately produced such abnormal behavior. According to Beaty’s essay, she claims that there are several makings of a serial killer, and it is often... Free Essays on Serial Killers â€Å"I didn’t want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them.† This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (â€Å"Characteristics of Serial Murder†). Serial killers usually don’t have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill. This degree of overkill sets them a part from different serial killers. Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three sub-categories which are lust killers, thrill killers and gain killers. Lust killers kill for sexual pleasure. They are usually sexually underdeveloped and they kill for sex u... Free Essays on Serial Killers Psychology : Serial Killers The nineteen-seventies was an incredible decade. It was a decade of change, one of freedom, a time for great music. It was also an incredible decade for shock, fear and serial killers. John Wayne Gacy, an amateur clown, was a pedophiliac homosexual. He tortured and killed thirty three little boys and stored their remains under his house. David Berkowitz, a.k.a. the Son of Sam, stalked New York City from nineteen-sixty-seven to nineteen-seventy-seven. He claimed to have been following a voice from his dog that told him when and where to kill. Ted Bundy, who is believed to have killed at least thirty-four people, was charged for only three under his own defense- and in fact, he was commended by the judge for his own defense. He was put to death . With the combination of a very powerful media and a society fascinated with gruesome, sadistic crimes, modern serial killers have been put in the spotlight. We are enraptured with serial killers so much, that we pay seven dollars to go see a movie where everyone except the bad guys gets strangled, mutilated, or shot- and enjoy it in some sick way. The media goes out of its way to glamorize murder and terrify the public. We support killers like Charles Manson on Death Row with our tax dollars. In fact, we support them with more than that. About two months ago there was an art show in California entitled: The Death Row Art Show III. Pieces sold for thousands of dollars regardless of their aesthetic appeal, because of the identity of the artists. Serial killers are becoming as popular as rock stars. Serial killers are a development of the industrial world; they really didn't "come about" until the late eighteen-hundreds when society was becoming modernized and the threat of the new age sort of displaced some individuals so much they felt they had to kill to get their point across to society. Jack the Ripper is probably the most notorious killer in history bec...

Week6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week6 - Article Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates (Seitz & Ellison, 2004). These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts (Lee & Joyce, 2008). If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditio ns of the debt that may permit the local government of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term. Furthermore, another refunding or reorganization tactic is the reduction of the overall expenditures gained by the government. This would establish an additional financial base that should be diverted towards settling the city’s debts. In order for the federal government to decrease the high debts, it is vital that alternative funding options are created in order to support its debt obligation. The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered (Shapiro, 2004). My budget has a defined goal that I have to

Argumentive Reserch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentive Reserch - Research Paper Example Learners can acquire these skills when they develop appropriate attitudes and knowledge. This makes the main objective of conducting teaching and training programs to correspond to enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitude of learners. The main purpose of this essay is to argue the relevance of the message conveyed by some specific authors on the approach needed for conducting training and teaching programs (Chou, Chang, & Hauer, 2008). I believe that motivation towards learning and training is dependent on knowledge, skills, ideologies and a suitable environment. However, it is also clear that the number of students and the use of a multi-disciplinary approach are useful though the learning approach should not be specific. Counter argument I believe that the twenty steps are instrumental when handling students with learning difficulties. However, opposing ideologies indicate that these steps overwork the teachers, and compromise their ability to attend to other students. Further more, it is highlighted that people should recognise the social and cognitive skills of students while handling their learning needs (Hon and Watkins, 1995). However, the learning needs of a person transcends skills, and is dependent on the environment in several instances. I believe that the procedural steps that involve students in a workshop learning session enhances their interaction and comprehension (Chou, Chang, and Hauer, 2004). However, opposing arguments state that such an approach cannot accommodate a class with numerous students. It is only limited to a few number of students. Rao underscores the need to expose students to an environment where they easily interact with the elderly patients to improve their attitudes. However, attitude cannot be improved by exposure alone. It requires an interdisciplinary learning approach. Argument I believe that it is necessary assist the children with learning difficulties using fundamental steps. This can be successful with the provis ion of appropriate modifications in the learning process. Several steps are necessary in the quest to achieve such objectives. The authors use Greg’s experiences to develop some steps necessary for successful learning amongst children having trouble (Biddulph, Hess, & Humes, 2006). I find this rather disturbing because assuming that all children with learning difficulties are of the same level as Greg is wrong. Greg could have succeeded because the level of his difficulty was mild. Disorder depression does not adversely inhibit the process of learning. Greg listed a number of 20 steps that he considers appropriating in making a child with learning difficulties become successful (Biddulph, Hess, & Humes, 2006). I believe that Hon and Watkins’s attempt to evaluate social skills training program for Hong Kong students highlights the importance of valuing skills, and knowledge. They classify alcoholism, juvenile delinquency and depression as fundamental examples of behavio ral and neurotic problems that are responsible for psychiatric disorders. According to the authors, these are the causes of inadequate social skills. Hon and Watkins focus on directing additional efforts get to the training skills development programs for adolescents. However, these efforts mainly focus on the western countries. In response to this, they come up with well-knitted approaches to address

The Aesthetic and Economic Characteristics of the Film Europe Movement Essay

The Aesthetic and Economic Characteristics of the Film Europe Movement - Essay Example The researcher states that thereafter gradually & quite naturally, the ‘American influence’ begun to overflow in diverse domains. It slowly initiated to engulf spectrums such as art, theatre, culture, music, films. The next step was to classify those apparently ‘nonpolitical’ artistic components at par with the lines of the grand old American maneuver. This cultural autocracy created a stir amongst the enlightened & elitist in Europe. Film corporations like the Metro Goldwyn Mayer had already infiltrated the economies of third world nations like India by 1920. While American film corporations’ encashed rich dividends from colonial markets, the European heavyweights were coerced to remain at a bay. This naturally sprouted a furor across the cultural horizon. The European mavericks & thespians felt that a cultural reincarnation was long overdue. German filmmakers like Dupont, Eichberg & Bolvary, plunged into the galaxy of filmdom, with the aim to break the American jinx. Their unbridled apathy against US monopoly led them to the shores of Britain, from where they churned out numerous path-breaking films. This unique film movement came to be known as the ‘Film Europe Movement’, & gained massive popularity throughout the European peninsula. The noble ideals of combating capitalist aggression with socialist principles augured magically with the masses. ‘Film Europe’ managed to successfully batter up American aggression, intertwined with egalitarian theologies. The concluding research deals with the Film Europe Movement with E.A. DuPont’s English film ‘Piccadilly’ juxtaposing the center stage. The culmination of the First World War had precisely ravaged up the economies of France & Italy. They were in no position to stifle or even stand a chance against the ever-expanding ‘American menace’. The calculating American theorists embarked on their global economic conquest, & by 191 7, had South America, Australia, Asia Minor & vast territories of Africa amidst their grasp.  

Principles of Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Microeconomics - Essay Example However, it is observed that the marginal utility tends to diminish as you consume more of the goods (Investopedia ULC). There are two limits observed in the determination of utility; the limit beyond which the marginal utility begins to decline and the other limit shows that beyond which the utility becomes negative. The second limit works like a satiation point for the consumer so that an additional consumption of the product will bring displeasure instead. Generally, this decline in utility is called the "diminishing marginal utility". It is through this law of diminishing marginal utility that the economists were able to understand the law of demand and the negatively sloping demand curve (Investopedia ULC). It basically equates to the understanding that the less you have of a product the higher is your marginal utility that's why the willingness to pay (the price) is also high. On the other end, as the product increases the marginal utility declines, therefore the willingness to pay also diminishes. Answer to #3. Income is generally accepted as a determinant of demand which moves on the same direction. However, there are products which show the opposite response. We call them the inferior good, as opposed to the normal good. The demand for "normal good" increases as income increases, such as clothing and food. On the other hand, we have products in which the demand for such declines as income increases. A classic example of this is a bus ride. This is so because when people get more income, they may opt to buy their own cars. There is also what we call "related goods". Related goods can be "substitutes" or "complements". "Substitutes" are products in which the demand for one increases as the price of the other increases. This is because consumers will shift from the product whose price increases to the product whose price remained. On the other hand, complements are those whose demand for one product decreases as the price of the other increases. This is because as complements they are consumed together. Lastly, "giffen good" is one which people consume more of as price rises, which apparently violates the law of demand (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2009). This happens due to the absence of substitute, giving way to the dominance of the income effect leading more people to buy more goods even as its price arise (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2009). Answer to #4. Generally, the supply curve is observed to be upward sloping, adhering to the law of supply stating that as the price of the goods increases, more will be supplied of it. However, in some cases, we see the supply curve come to a point of downward slope rather than continuously sloping upward. There are two cases mentioned when this thing happen. First is the supply of labor with respect to the (real) wage rate. The real wage serves as a price to labor and a cost to leisure. Therefore as the law of supply suggests, an increase in the price of labor should be followed by a greater quantity supplied. This is also supported by the logic that given that the cost of leisure is now higher, the substitution effec

The ethical issues associated with conservatism Essay

The ethical issues associated with conservatism - Essay Example A person may not automatically hate the past and may wish for the technical progress for the people’s good. However, he normally tends to have a discrimination against the conservative attitude. The reason behind this may be the fact that he tends to get impacted by the acquisitive thesis which states that conserving is detrimental to the changing life and this may lead to immobility. It can be stated that the conservatives are supposed to consider preserving their social privilege, no matter how small it is. Further, in an attempt of preserving the question to be addressed if the object to be preserved is worthy of preserving then it goes by default (Burckhardt, â€Å"What is Conservatism†). More precisely the term ‘conservatism’ can be explained as the political philosophy favoring the traditions in the light of exterior factor of change. It can be useful in situation when deep-seated social change is triggered. It is a well known fact that distinct cultures have distinct values and as a result the different goals are pursued by the conservatives of different cultures. The components of numerous ideologies and philosophies are integrated by different forms of the conservatism, and thus the conservatism has an impact upon them. There are numerous types of conservatism approaches. They are cultural conservatism, social conservatism, religious conservatism, paleo-conservatism, fiscal conservatism, neo-conservatism and bio-conservatism. Among them social conservatism is taken for the purpose of the study (Philosophy basics, â€Å"Introduction†). ... Ethical Issues Related to Social Conservatism After having understood the meaning of the conservatism, it would be prudent to comprehend the term social conservatism and the ethical issues surrounding it. With the assistance of the laws and regulations the social conservative tries to preserve the traditional morality as well as the social ethnicity. It is believed by the social conservatives that the intervention of the government is not the problem, however liberal use of the government may assist in maintaining order and thus increasing morality in the society. This can be considered as one of the pros of the social conservatives. However, the social conservatives may also tend to be the weakest when they are considered along the gamut of the economic conservatism since it tends to counter the free trade, immigration and others. There are various other social issues. When the business houses tend to focus only on profit making without paying due attention towards the society then it can be considered as one of the ethical issues related to social conservatism. This may lead to gain of one group while loss for the other (Azari, R., â€Å"Current security management & ethical issues of information technology†). It is worth while to be mentioned that the social conservatives’ intention may tend to be good and pure as that of the liberals who have their own collectivism and social programs. However, the fact is that the social conservatives don’t inject their own ideas rather try to introduce various bills and legislations that tend to achieve the opposite of what the social conservatives had intended to achieve. The government, instead of acting as a symbol of hope tries to inject a dose of immorality into the society. This tends to change with the

Principles of Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Microeconomics - Essay Example However, it is observed that the marginal utility tends to diminish as you consume more of the goods (Investopedia ULC). There are two limits observed in the determination of utility; the limit beyond which the marginal utility begins to decline and the other limit shows that beyond which the utility becomes negative. The second limit works like a satiation point for the consumer so that an additional consumption of the product will bring displeasure instead. Generally, this decline in utility is called the "diminishing marginal utility". It is through this law of diminishing marginal utility that the economists were able to understand the law of demand and the negatively sloping demand curve (Investopedia ULC). It basically equates to the understanding that the less you have of a product the higher is your marginal utility that's why the willingness to pay (the price) is also high. On the other end, as the product increases the marginal utility declines, therefore the willingness to pay also diminishes. Answer to #3. Income is generally accepted as a determinant of demand which moves on the same direction. However, there are products which show the opposite response. We call them the inferior good, as opposed to the normal good. The demand for "normal good" increases as income increases, such as clothing and food. On the other hand, we have products in which the demand for such declines as income increases. A classic example of this is a bus ride. This is so because when people get more income, they may opt to buy their own cars. There is also what we call "related goods". Related goods can be "substitutes" or "complements". "Substitutes" are products in which the demand for one increases as the price of the other increases. This is because consumers will shift from the product whose price increases to the product whose price remained. On the other hand, complements are those whose demand for one product decreases as the price of the other increases. This is because as complements they are consumed together. Lastly, "giffen good" is one which people consume more of as price rises, which apparently violates the law of demand (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2009). This happens due to the absence of substitute, giving way to the dominance of the income effect leading more people to buy more goods even as its price arise (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2009). Answer to #4. Generally, the supply curve is observed to be upward sloping, adhering to the law of supply stating that as the price of the goods increases, more will be supplied of it. However, in some cases, we see the supply curve come to a point of downward slope rather than continuously sloping upward. There are two cases mentioned when this thing happen. First is the supply of labor with respect to the (real) wage rate. The real wage serves as a price to labor and a cost to leisure. Therefore as the law of supply suggests, an increase in the price of labor should be followed by a greater quantity supplied. This is also supported by the logic that given that the cost of leisure is now higher, the substitution effec

A comparative analysis of three leading english grammars Essay

A comparative analysis of three leading english grammars - Essay Example Most languages in Europe have some form of codification to the extent that such a record carries authority among native users on its conventions. The study of the rules governing the usage of the English language is called English grammar.Gowers' Modern English Usage was once popularly ascribed to but not many, even leading linguists, have a copy of this text. It can be considered that English is not typical as far as European languages go. It is the world's language, used by around 300 million second language speakers. It dominates the world's communications and is taught in almost every school worldwide. It is also the only language whose second-language speakers or non-native users far outnumber the native speakers. It is also the only language which can make millionaires out of its experts by writing books. The study of these rules may either be prescriptive or descriptive. Prescriptive grammars set rules for language. In descriptive grammar, the manner by which the language is w ritten or spoken is described.The English language is in some aspects quite simple. However, it can also be complex if not exasperating in its other characteristics. For example, English does not make use of grammatical gender. Its plurals and tenses are mostly regular. However, a unique feature of the language is that it employs the use of progressive tense (using -ing). This use of the progressive tense is unique although it is muted in its everyday use. This feature is a source of difficulty to some second-language speakers ... The differences among the various grammars of English is somewhat well-defined. The characteristics of Standard English are relatively clear. Standard English is spoken by around 10% of the population in the United Kingdom (Trudgill ). It is usually derived through formal school contexts. Standard English can also be combined with various accents including regional ones. The differences between Standard and Non-standard are minimal. These differences often involve a small proportion of the words in a passage, affecting only around twenty percent of specific areas of grammar. Non-standard English has many regional variations. An example is the difference between dialects which suppress subject-verb agreement favoring the -s form. An example of this is He like it in Wales in contrast to He likes it in Wales. There are also few gray areas in the definition of Standard, and the uncertainties that arise are specific and often affect the spoken form. Differentiating Descriptive and Prescriptive English There are now several English grammars and they are often classified as either descriptive or prescriptive, although others may have elements of both. The two types of grammars vary in the principles of how they are written. The descriptive and prescriptive approaches to Standard English grammar is the subject of much debate. New trends are also arising which has affected the way English is taught and used. Among these trends is the increasing codification of Standard English among non-native speakers. Ironically, the language is not codified for native speakers. However, this codification of English among native speakers may in the future become part of

Gasb and Fasb Essay Example for Free

Gasb and Fasb Essay Board is to establish and improve standards of state and local governmental accounting and financial reporting that will result in useful information for users of financial reports and guide and educate the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of those financial reports. source: http://www. gasb. org/ FASB: The mission of the Financial Accounting Standards Board is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. ource: http://www. fasb. org/ Similarities Differences: Both boards share the following objectives: 1. To be objective in its decision making and to ensure, insofar as possible, the neutrality of information resulting from its standards. 2. To weigh carefully the views of its constituents in developing concepts and standards. 3. To promulgate standards only when the expected benefits exceed the perceived costs. 4. To bring about needed changes in ways that minimize disruption to the continuity of reporting practice. . To review the effects of past decisions and interpret, amend or replace standards in a timely fashion when such action is indicated. The main difference between the two is that the GASB is specific to individual state legislatures and the FASB is on a federal level, so their scope is much broader. Compare and contrast GASB and FASB. Explain objectives and how they are similar and different. Describe how the modified accrual basis of accounting differs from full accrua l accounting. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board were created to establish accounting and financial reporting standards for governmental and not-for-profit organizations. The GASB for governments and the FASB for not-for-profit organizations. Governmental and not-for-profit organization financial statements serve the purpose and needs of their users. These users include governing boards, investors and creditors, taxpayers and citizens, and organizational members, donors and grantors, regulatory and oversight agencies, and employees and other constituents. Users of these statements should be able to assess an organization financial condition, compare an organization’s actual performance with the budget, determine compliance with appropriate laws, regulations and restrictions on the use of funds and evaluate efficiency and effectiveness. (Granof, 2007, pg. 13) The GASB places importance on accountability and feels that the government should be accountable to citizens. In achieving this goal the objectives of the GASB is that organizations are accountable to the citizens. This accountability insists that financial reporting information that will reveal whether current-year revenues are enough to pay current-year expenses; demonstrate whether budgets were adhered to; and mission The objective for the GASB is to set standard in accounting and financial reporting for state and local governments. These standards are to provide useful information for the users of financial reports. In achieving this goal the objectives of the GASB is that organizations are accountable to the citizens. This accountability insists that financial reporting information that will reveal whether current-year revenues are enough to pay current-year expenses; demonstrate whether budgets were adhered to; and assist users in assessing cost and accomplishments of the government organization. According to the GASB users should be able to determine the operating results of the entity for the year with the use of its financial reporting by providing information about sources and uses of financial resources, how the entity financed its activities and meet its cash requirements, and whether the organization financial position improved or eteriorated due to operations. Ensuring that financial reports allow users to determine what level and if the government entity will be able to meet its obligations by providing information on the financial condition and position, about its physical and nonfinancial resources and disclousrue of legal or contractual restrictions on resources and their risks. The F ASB’s mandate is to set accounting and financial reporting for not-for-profit organizations. The FASB determined that financial reporting should provide information that help users make decisions about the allocation of resources, assess services and the ability to continue to provide service, assess how managers discharge their stewardship responsibilities and their performance. In addition, the FASB requires that information is provided about economic resoreces, obligations and net resources of an organization, periodic performance of the organization, how cash and liquid assets are spent and its borrowing and repayment and explainations and interpretations to understand financial information. Differences between GASB and FASB is that the GASB sets standards for state and local governments while the FASB set standards for the federal government. Another difference is that GASB feels that government organizations should adhere to budget compliancy while the FASB does not place specific emphais on budgets but on managers and their manangement . The modified accrual basis is a form of accounting where expenditures are recognized on a accrual basis and cash basis. When using the modified accrual basis revenues are recognized in the period they become available and measureable. On the other hand the full accrual basis of accounting calls for the recognition of revenues and expenses when they are incurred no matter when the monetary transaction takes place.

History of Medieval Welsh Law

History of Medieval Welsh Law I will first look at Roman Law as this will give me the best understanding to see if Medieval Welsh Law was built up from Roman Law, or whether the medieval law is its own unique system of law. Wales was part of the Roman Empire for over 300 years. Roman law was unlike the oral culture that Wales possessed before they arrived, as the Roman law was written enabling discipline, where everyone lived and was punished by all the same rules, so not arbitrary. The procedure of a trial differed somewhat under the Republic and under the Empire. In Republican times justice was administered in accordance with the formulary system named from the formula which was drafted by the magistrate responsible for the administration of justice in the city. Any citizen could press charges against another through a patronus acting as his advocate. The charge had to be in inscriptione (in writing), signed by both delator and subscriptores (accuser and witnesses) and delivered to the praetor (judge). Praetores were in charge of the law courts and presided over the quaestiones (jurors). The accused had to be present at the nominis delatio (making a formal charge). The delator and the subscriptores swore oaths that they would not bring false witness and penalties were given against the delator, if himself or his witnesses were later to have been found to have lied. All witnesses could be questioned and subjected to speeches attacking their credibility. Rules for permitting evidence would seem to us to have been very negligent, and the court considered the written word or spoken word as legally binding. To decide the vote, each juror in secret erased a C (Condemno) or an A (Absolvo) from a pre-marked tablet, the praetor (judge) then announced the jurys decision. Because it was easy to bring suit against another person, there were indeed many lawsuits, as people were enticed by the material rewards if a suit were won. If the accuser won his case, a praemium was given to him. But if he lost, he was deemed to have committed a calumnia (false accusation) or a praevaricatio (collusion, or conspiracy to prosecute falsely) and was fined. If a criminal was caught red-handed or confessed the deed, punishment was inflicted without trial. If he claimed innocence and was a reputable citizen, trial was held before the praetor; otherwise, he was tried in front of a triumvir. In both instances, an advisory commission (consilium) was called to determine the question of guilt. And in either case, the punishment, personally was severe. Due to the growth of the Empire trial procedures changed somewhat and a new system was created, known as cognitio. It involved â€Å"ligigation being heard and decided by the provincial governor or his nominee, the iudex pedaneurs.† Two appeals were to be allowed in every case, a principle which is still followed in civil law today and has even influenced the structure of appeals in the UK in recent centuries. (Legal history of wales book) The first step was the postulatio or application for a hearing; then, the nominis delatio, the formal charge by a delator with his subscriptores present; the consuls next summoned the senate to determine if charges should be heard as one charge or should be divided; next was the inquisitio, in which evidence was heard; debate followed and speeches were limited by a water clock then finally a vote on the verdict. The praetors and propraetors (governors) published a list of principles and formulae of their practices in the form of edicts at the beginning of each term. Although each could effectively alter the formulae, in general the list remained the same. For example â€Å"one might legally kill to defend oneself,† this is still recognised by the modern laws of today. The judge was bound to follow the opinion of the jurists where they were agreed on a point of law, but if there was disagreement, the judge was free to decide the point of law as he saw fit (book). The views of the jurists would be relied upon as legal authority Before 212AD the Britons had the status of foreigners or peregrines and lived under a separate law to the Romans. The 3 laws under the Institutes of Gaius were: Ius civile – laws for citizens Ius gentium – laws for all nations (e.g. prohibition of murder) Ius naturale – natures laws (e.g. brothers forbidden from marrying their sisters, men forbidden from marrying a cow) The year 212 AD was very significant as it enabled every free person in Britain to automatically achieve Roman citizenship. This allowed the Britons to be classed as citizens enabling to enjoy all the benefits, the right to live by Roman Law (ius civile) and acquire the protection of the law. Following 212 AD the Britons lived by Roman law within the Roman Empire for almost two hundred years, enabling a significant legal development of the native people. An example can be shown by how the welsh embraced and so faithfully maintained the Christian religion and the legal order of the church itself was grounded and remained grounded in principles derived from Roman Law. This is represented by the church saying â€Å"ecclesia vivit lege romana,† the church lives by Roman law. Roman citizenship is generally described as an combination of three private law and two public law rights. In public law, citizens had the right to vote in the legislative assemblies – suffragium, also the right to stand for certain public offernces ius honorum. In private law, the citizen had the right to trade using roman law contracts, the right of commercium, had the capacity to contract a roman law marriage, conubium, and was able to make, witness and benefit under a roman law will, testamenti factio. Sources of the Roman Law Emperors edicts Responsa prudentium – the works of the learned jurists – their writings. The jurists expressed the values of the law and decided that the law is not arbitrary and must conform with standards of justice. The jurist Ulpian wrote, â€Å"Justice is the constant and perpetual wish to give every one their due† The jurists were an important professional class who practised their skills independently of those who argued cases before the law courts as jurists concentrated on jurisprudence. Jurisprudence was to be defined by the jurist Ulpian â€Å"as the knowledge of things human and divine, the source of what was just and unjust.† Ulpian also defined justice as â€Å"the constant and perpetual wish to give to everyone their due† This definition underlies the roman practice of allowing slaves and peregrines to earn freedom and citizenship by good works. The writings of the jurists were however a source of law in their own right. â€Å"It is significant that this source of law, quite foreign to the later common law of England, was to have its counterpart in the high respect accorded to jurists in the native welsh laws.† The father as a parent was important under roman family law, as they saw the family unit a legal unit and thought it was important to protect. In roman law the family unit is greater and more powerful than the common law today. The head of the family was usually the father and was known as the paterfamilias. Roman Law was ahead of its time in terms of equality for example with Property Law, When property was inherited it was split between all children, not discriminatory like most cultures e.g. sex/race discrimination. So adopted child has the same status and right as a natural child. Concept of anybody – any country, had black generals, by your behaviour you became a roman. Shows they were ahead of their time in concept of equality. 3) For perhaps a thousand years the native law of wales has been known as the law of hywel or cyfraith hywel in welsh or lex hoeli in medieval latin – from law of hywel dda. Cyfraith Hywel, the law of Hywel, was the name by which their native law was known to the Welsh in medieval times. The law of Hywel lost its primacy after the conquest of Wales by Edward I and the passing of the Statute of Wales in 1284, but it remained an important ingredient of the law administered in Wales until the Act of Union in 1536 His reign was a peaceful one. Hywel was in a position to promote reform and uniformity in Welsh law. The law of Hywel was based on tradition rather than king-made, and is believed to have been adapted from existing laws. Some aspects probably predated his lifetime. The law did not overly stress the power of the crown, but mostly aimed to protect the people of Wales. The native laws were the recorded customs of the people, which is distinguished from Roman Law (the laws of the Emperor) and Canon Law (the laws of the Church. One advantage which Welsh law enjoyed in the political storms of the thirteenth century was that it had written form. Already in the twelfth century it was felt to be an embarrassment if law remained unwritten. Roman law was embodied in texts, and with the great legal revival of the eleventh and twelfth centuries it was felt that any law worthy of the name should be written. Hywel dda’s objectives was to examine the law, through this to validate and amend the current laws at this time, even introduce and remove laws, promoting a unified concept of Welsh law For centuries to come, living under the Law of Hywel would be one of the definitions of the Welsh people. There was a distinction between south and north wales Title/role Rome Medival welsh law Judge/presider Praetor or magistrate Elected Has consilium of three legal experts to consult In south wales, local lord would be the judge, with the advise of a lawyer, and the church would have its own courts for ecclesiastical matters. North Wales, a professional judge decided cases.. Roman influence – law reporting, use of formula Jury Quaestiones 32 to 75 jurors, depending on type of case Chosen from album judicum, list of men of senatorial or equites class Verdict decided by majority vote Usually 12 jurors Selected from a panel of citizens Individually examined, accepted, or rejected by prosecution and defense Verdict usually must be unanimous Verdict C = condemno, A = absolvo By secret ballot Result announced by praetor Guilty or not guilty By unanimous decision but each jurors vote can be polled in open court Decision read aloud by judge Prosecutor Accusator Private citizen Public official elected or appointed Defense attorney Patronus or advocatus May not accept money, although favors allowed Professional lawyer Accepts retainer or fee or works pro bono publico Defendant Reus Innocent until proven guilty Kept under house arrest or imprisoned until trial Usually in private home Innocent until proven guilty Imprisoned or free on bail or own word until trial Witnesses Subscriptores, required by magistrates subpoena Subpoena can be issued Clerks Scribae to record events Recorder/stenographer Makes word-for-word transcript of proceedings (required in event of appeal) The lawbooks do mention some practices which are confined to particular parts of wales, but we shall see that their compliers felt quite free to draw their material from any part of wales with the assurance that it was good law for any other part. –maybe from book Welsh Medieval Law contains many similarities to the Roman Law that came before it. An example of this is clearly shown with the law of marriage. Both traditions were contracted informally, without ant ceremony, the mutual intention of the couple to live together as man and wife being sufficient. Boys had to be of the age fourteen and girls twelve, but the girl could not bear children until 14 and not after 40 years of age, this is developed from the same principle as Roman Law. In roman law didn’t discriminate between married and cohabiting couples. Especially in context of children. Status of illegitimate children is still a controversial issue today. Married women held their own property (but not land) and although came under the protection of their husbands, had rights as members of their own family. The wife would be granted a dowry by her own family, her gwaddol and she would be given a share of her husbands property, her agweddi. The husband giving wife agweddi depending on how you analyse it, as looking at it from as modern day viewpoint then it appears discriminatory. But back in the period of Hywel Dda the elements of welsh law did protect women, even though it was still a male dominated world the women had a far better status than the laws of England at the time provided for them. After the consummation of the marriage, the wife’s husband would give her a gift known as the cowyll and would also pay her arglwydd an amobr, a payment for taking her virginity. The church began to increase its powers with the law making decisions, and set out prohibited degrees of marriage, and objected to marriage as far as fifth cousins. The welsh did not agree with this and so were in constant breach of this canon law. However the Romans had a different viewpoint and allowed 2nd cousins to marry which was the same line the Welsh followed. The Welsh law on marital separation was also similar To Roman Law, if the marriage was dissolved within the first seven years then the wife kept the bounty that she had received at the time of the marriage. If the marriage was dissolved after seven years, the matrimonial property split according to the rules laid out. The rights of the parties also depended on whether the repudiation was with cause. A man could repudiate his marriage if his wife was immoral after marriage, had lost her virginity before marriage, or if there was an underpayment of gwaddol by her own family. A women could do the same if her husband had committed three adulteries, was impotent, had bad breath, or if he introduced a concubine? To the family home. With regards to Roman law marriage would be terminated if either party repudiated the other (repudium) or both agreed that the marriage was at an end (divortium). The position of women under welsh law differed significantly to that of their Norman-English contempories. Women remained independent and not considered to be the property of father or husband in the same way. The welsh lawbooks have a combination of crudity and sophistication in the texts, this can be seen on the law of women. Welsh law showed its equitable and just side by not recognising any distinction between children born within wedlock and those born outside. This was important when determining liability for compensation in the event of commission of wrongs by or towards the child. I will now look at land law where the uchelwyr enjoyed land rights collectively, with the penteulu, the head of the household nominally in charge. The name for this family holding was gwely, the soms would inherit jointly in equal and individual shares for four generations. However when the father died the property was inherited by the sons only. [I think roman law was more equality based]. Land could not be taken forcibly from lawful owner which is based on roman law. With regards with property other than land, other property was inherited by all the children in accordance with the law. The wife kept half of her husbands property and the remainder of the land was split with sons taking equally and then finally daughters taking half of that which the sons received. However in certain parts of South Wales, the Roman influence ensured that daughters inherited in equal shares with the sons. With roman law once the paterfamilias died the family inherited it as a group a unit. In order to split the property between themselves as individuals they had to do so by initiating a procedure an action familiae erciscundae. Otherwise they could continue to hold the property collectively in a consortium. Water, air and land were open to all, and unoccupied land could be possessed and later owned, if it had been in uninterrupted possession for four generations or more, this also resembles roman law of setting limitation periods for the highly valued land. Childless couples can adopt children and adopted child has same rights as natural child. Even if the father then remarries and has children, then the adopted child is still the first child and the next in line of the paterfamilias. Unjust roman laws – being able to discard children who were unwanted (as in with disabilities) but they didn’t have the medical resources that we have today. Plus they thought of disabled children as living with sin. Paterfamilias could put to death his children and his slaves for any act of disobedience or disloyalty. After observing the welsh medieval law it appears to echo Roman law, however one difference I have noted is that welsh law did not recognise the roman distinction between sale and exchange. A main reason to this may do with the limited supply of minted coins in wales so unable to carry out commercial transactions, and instead carried out echange described as cyfnewid. So in this aspect Welsh Law of Hywel Dda was not as sophisticated as roman law, but Welsh law evolved in a certain way to deal with the economy. The basis of criminal law in medieval welsh law was the â€Å"three columns of the law,† which were homicide, theft and arson. In regards to homicide a killing had to be intentional for there to be punishment, and an unintentional killing would be resolved by compensation only. No compensation payable if the victim deserved to die, only due in the case of accidental killing, galanas. A physician was liable for the death of a wounded man to whom he gave treatment, particularly when he had failed to apply the skill expected of him. This is recognised in our modern laws of today as a form of professional negligence. A relict of Roman law is the ritual in confronting the thief, and gaining admission to search premises and requiring the suspect to swear as to whether the property was in possession. A judge who gave a wrong judgement could be sued, the roman equivalent to this law is known as qui litemsuam fecit. In medieval wales theft was regarded as a very serious crime and compensation and punishment was awarded. In addition to compensation for the damage caused, there was another form of compensation the sarhad. Sarhad means an insult and has to be intentional, the roman comparison is the iniuria. As can be clearly identified Welsh law differed to roman law on being a legal system that was compensation based rather than punishment. The reason this may have been the case is due to people in medieval wales saw compensation as a more just payment and solvement of the case. As the economic value in wales was very poor, more people probably would rather the money or equivalent to the money than justice served. So making amends is better than punishment being carried out. An issue to this was that those who were financially stable would be able to be above the law and commit crimes as they could afford the compensation and wouldn’t have to worry about the repercussions of their actions. As you look more in depth at the law of hywel dda as the state grew stronger, punishment was becoming more important but compensation still had priority. The payment was meant to buy off the vengence of the other group and prevent a blood feud arising. At the time of medieval Wales the law on issuing compensation rather than punishment to the welsh people probably appeared to them as sophisticated and just. However to modern eyes the Roman law model appears more equitable and just as they punished those at fault and is like our legal system of the 21st century. â€Å"The detail the law books supply with regard to the judicial process of the welsh laws go far to revealing their sophistication.† The administrative system of medieval Wales is like the roman jury system. The sophistication is provided by the roman model as this is the template that is adapted to fit in with the welsh system. â€Å"Different forms of witness were of acute concern to medieval lawyers, for in an age without police or forensic science the problem of proof was particularly difficult. Moreover, in a small-scale society, the difficulty of obtaining impartial witnesses might be severe.† The judge placed specific emphasis on quantity of witnesses, as they believed the more people you had on your side the stronger your case. Yet quantity isn’t quality, as you could have fifty witnesses who are all liars, better to have one truthful person which our modern law system is based on today. It is also equity based as the medieval welsh law followed the roman law and didn’t go back to the Celtic times of trial by ordeal and instead stayed sophisticated with a legal system put in place by the Romans. The Romans introduced a legal system which is a hallmark of their system, even though it was expensive as they had to give jobs for the legal professions, justice was above this they wanted it to prevail. A clear and distinctive identity of welsh law is the treatment of foreigners, where they provided privileges for visitors like food and shelter. This maybe due to the type of society formed as Wales was a close knit nation, needing tourism. Furthermore the Law of Hywel Dda was mainly written in Welsh furthering its distinctiveness of welsh laws. The laws of courts contain discussion of the status of the king, the members of the royal family. The queen was allotted 1/3 of the kings income for her personal use and that she is accorded a status greater than that of any of the court officers. This reflects the higher status enjoyed by women under the laws of Hywel Dda than in most contemporary legal systems. –maybe from the book. The Roman legal system is indeed different from what we follow but there are parallels in the roles of the participants, in the value of established procedure and precedent, and particularly in the many Latin terms and phrases that are still part of our legal language today. Romes continuing influence on society today is apparent in the government structure and legal system in use in much of the western world. One of the most sophisticated and practical systems of jurisprudence which the world has so far produced, and one merits of which allowed it to re-emerge in not just the medieval law but the legal system of Britain today and as the basis of the family of legal systems known as the civil law. Even the Welsh Dragon of our nations flag is actually symbol of authority by Romans. Welsh laws are officially regarded as the customs of the people. Distinguished from Roman law, laws of the emperor and medieval welsh laws are different. Enforce a law rather create law. He saw himself as a ruler/governor of Wales not as an emperor, so saw himself as enforcing things. I think that Roman law was the initial building bricks for the construction of law we know today and even though certain aspects of the law of hywell dda is unique to welsh medieval law, the main foundation is roman.