Dr. Albert Ellis Essay

Dr. Albert Ellis became known for setting frontiers in the field of psychology. He questioned many age-old beliefs throughout his career and tried to prove each of them with theories. His expertise expounded on human sexuality, psychoanalysis, ad cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. The focus that he gave in sexology and sexuality led to many publications and teachings accountable to him. It is not surprising so that he subscribed to Freudian ideologies. Among his more popular studies was the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT. REBT focused on the role of the mind in directing emotions. It specified that the mindset of people is what transforms into emotions. In return, these reactions become basis for future feelings and actions. Ellis assumed with his theories that psychology patients will get better faster and the treatments will be easier if they cooperate and have a change of mind as most of what makes negative emotions are wrong assumptions. By stopping oneself from making demands that cannot be easily satisfied and by being realistic, negative emotions and most problems can be resolved. This focus on cognitive behavior expounded many earlier studies on the area which lacked the focus it needed. Thus, Ellis was dubbed as the Most Influential Psychologist by psychologists and counselors in America and Europe. (Dr. Albert Ellis, 2006) In his death he left a legacy of intelligence. This intelligence helped and will continue to help millions of individuals who remain bothered by life issues that are mainly caused by wrong perceptions. Thus, this legacy was not for Ellis’ alone but for all practitioners and patients who will benefit in his work. INTRODUCTION As shown in many biographies and stories made out of the life of Dr. Albert Ellis, it was evident that a powerful influence was left to him by Freudian ideologies. He had many works that referred most especially to the human sexuality. In his lifetime, he was also able to maintain two consecutive marriages which definitely peppered reality into his many works and theories on sexology. (A brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis, 2005) As Freud would have it he was also into psychoanalysis. He had a different way of studying the human mind—how it functions and how other bodily functions relate to it. Of his many works sexuality and psychoanalysis were the focal point of most and of which he became better known. (A brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis, 2005) It’s all in the mind We perceive pain only when we already know that an occurrence or action causes pain. We become sad only when we know that something is saddening. These negative thoughts and feelings come from the mind. The mind is very powerful and it can dictate the whole body on how to behave. It can likewise tell the mind how to think and perceive things. Thus, how a person thinks affects how he feels. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy was created by Ellis in 1955. The theory found its way to a treatment method. It became possible with the thought that patients will get better faster if they change their way of thinking. The mind, it says, can cure. (Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, 2006) For instance, a patient of depression can get out from his bouts by going to the cause of his depression and changing his reaction about it. Besides, depression as Ellis taught happens when the person convinces himself that the state of his person is not what it should be and rather should be another. These irrational idealisms cause worries and frustrations which leads to depression. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) In concurrence, a neurotic, Ellis specifies, can get out of his neuroses by stopping it. Thus, Ellis promotes that the mind dictates what the body’s state will be especially when it comes to emotions. Ellis’ theory stresses that reactions to a certain event, state, or occurrence identifies the overall feeling of a person towards it. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) Therefore, a person can alter his view of it by either changing the way in which he perceives it or convincing him to do so. When a person successfully does this, it will be easier for him to overcome his negative feelings and be more optimistic. Optimism then leads to a better outlook in life. Ellis psychology: Different psychology In its prime, Ellis’ schools of thought differed from the others at that it puts emphasis on different factors that are otherwise overlooked by other theories. Its combination of highlight points allowed these overlooked factors to be studied through this single theory. These factors include emphasis on early childhood, deep philosophical change and scientific thinking. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) While these factors have been studied long before Ellis’ time, it was only through the focus that Ellis gave that the factors were brought together in a homogenous fashion yet for the resolution of a single objective. The objective here is to change the way of the pessimistic mind and create a mindset that will make it easy for a person to accept events that come his way and understand how to deal with them. The theory states that events which happen during the early childhood years drastically affect the state of mind of a person. The more negative these years were, the more pessimistic the person will likely get. Deep philosophical change is another factor. This is the one which changes the mindset of the person. By changing a person’s philosophy in life he can become at peace with his self and the things that happen to him. In changing his life’s philosophy a person may have to deal into scientific thinking as well. Here there will be no vague inexplicable thoughts and idealisms but rather specifics that can be explained and help the person understand himself and his ordeals. These three measures spell the difference between self-defeat and self-winning. The self can only be won by being rational. By these one explains to himself and understands that everything happens (or do not happen) for a reason. To be rational is to be realistic. When one leaves in a too idealistic or fantasy world is to deny oneself of the opportunity to win over situations. Being rational is a pre-requisite to being free, happy, and optimistic. The ABC and the Musts Ellis’ theory also developed the three ABCs which pose as the blueprint of emotions. The three includes the start of things (A), the beliefs of the person about the thing (B), and the reaction of the person about the thing (C). According to the process, every person’s ordeal has a beginning. It may be from the immediate time or from a distant past. It may be from his immediate surrounding or from a past neighborhood or workplace. Whenever or wherever that beginning may be, the fact is that there is a start. (What is REBT? , 2006) From the beginning of a situation a person starts to associate with it his personal beliefs and the beliefs that he form in concurrence to outside factors such as family and friends. These beliefs are developed from many different things, and so it is guaranteed that two persons under the same situation may have differing beliefs toward it. In connection, these beliefs affect the reaction that the person gives into the situation. As an example, a person who wants to get into a certain job position into a company he so much dreams of may feel very positive about applying, taking the application tests, and attending the interviews. He prepares for it and makes sure nothing comes between him and his dream of getting his dream job; and then he fails. He did not get the job. This person will most likely believe that he does not deserve the failure because he prepared so much for everything. This belief will lead to a reaction of anger and resentment. But when following the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, he will put off the grief and focus on future things that he can do—apply in other companies or improve on himself to take on the opportunity of re-application. This is the essence of REBT. The negative feelings that become reactions are often brought about by Musts. These are the assumed expectations of a person that when he fails to achieve can greatly give him negative thoughts and feelings. A person always feel he must do well and win the approval of others, that other people must be fair, kind, and true to him, that he must get what he wants when he want it. This spoiled-brat syndrome often leads to failed expectations. (What is REBT? , 2006) Getting away from thoughts that include these Musts allow one to be realistic. Sources say that these unrealistic demands when given up will solve 80% of a person’s problems. (What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application, 2007) This highlights that problems arise from the mindset of a person. A problem becomes so if the person perceives that this thing is really a crisis and so if he will think that it is not a dilemma then it will not pose itself as a predicament. Benefits of rational thinking Being realistic, people say, will save one from the hurts of disillusionment and broken fantasies. The same works with the theories presented by Ellis. Rational thinking bases itself on reality. Thus, it allows a person to be bound with facts. As it helps one overcome tribulations, it promotes a more positive self and mindset. Apart from this, there are other advantages brought about by Ellis’ theory. There is the accomplishment of goals, creation of manageable emotions, and promotion of behavior that allows survival. First, REBT allows one to achieve his goals and purposes. When a person has goals and purposes in life it may be overshadowed by negative feelings and wrong beliefs and reactions. Rational thinking can take these away. Being in touch with reality will keep one collected. Secondly, reality creates emotions that one can handle. Because he perceives things realistically, everything that he may experience will be almost expected. Thus the outpour of emotions will be controllable. Of course, the emotions cannot be stopped. Yet, he will be able ti handle them accordingly and still think clear to be on top of the situation. Lastly, being in touch with reality helps one behave in ways that promote aims and survival. The person who follows Ellis’ school of thought have clear aims in life and the enthusiasm to achieve them They are also survivors. They do not know how to quit because they know that there are other things that they are worth for. (What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application, 2007) The impact Dr. Albert Ellis’ works paved the way to modern thoughts in psychology which were specific and focused. It also set a new era for psychological therapy and views on cognitive behavior. Apart from these works on emotive behavioral therapy, Ellis also had studies on sexuality that also influenced that field of study. Freud’s work was on his armament, but he made progress by deriving from the scholar inspiration for fresh studies rather than repetition of old studies. With the works of Dr. Ellis studies on emotive behavior therapy became prominently based on the mindset of the person. Because the theory was very consistent to the results on many studies, many counselors subscribed to the idea and used it to treat their patients. It then became possible to treat patients easily because counselors had a process to follow—tracing the beginnings of the problem, modifying the beliefs of the person, and expectedly the change in his reaction. Dr. Ellis was able to think out of the box. He moved away from the generalities and devised new studies that created new methodologies for psychotherapy. This changed the way in which psychology operated. It made the work easier for doctors and patients alike. These outstanding works gave Dr. Ellis the brand for being the Most Influential Psychologist by American and European practitioners alike. (Dr. Albert Ellis, 2006) Being influential is not nomenclature alone for Dr. Ellis. He embodies the influential psychologist, with published and well-publicized breakthroughs in psychology. These influence that the doctor made helped the field of psychology propel and become what it is now. Definitely, psychology could have not been the same. CONCLUSION Psychology is a never-ending process of learning how the minds of people work. The mindset of people changes through time. It is therefore understandable why psychologists are working endlessly. This has been how Dr. Albert Ellis lived his career. The quest of Dr. Ellis to find the explanations to many of psychoanalysis’ questions wee the inspirations that he had to create studies that gave birth to sexology and emotive behavior therapy, rather old schools of thought that were given new concepts. Best of all, Dr. Ellis made his studies so thoroughly and among well-chosen populations. His works were lauded. His work saved many lives. It is evident that Ellis’ works were greatly influenced by his strong orientation of the works of Sigmund Freud. Known for thoughts and theories on human sexuality and psychoanalysis, Freud was also popular for many studies on the area. In his time, Ellis’ achieved the same level of integrity in psychological studies, albeit not the worldwide fame that Freud has achieved. However, his works were at par with that of the inspiring scholar from which he based many of his beliefs. His seriousness in his theories and studies may also be the one for which his own sexuality can be based, especially that he entered into two consecutive marriages. It will not be surprising to think that these marriages have influenced his concepts on human sexuality which in turn inspired his studies and theories. The good thing, however, is that Ellis’ confidently challenged existing ideologies, which enriched psychology. Through them, psychology has now advanced forward. Though Dr. Ellis, the mind became the cure for its own predicaments. References A brief biography of dr. albert ellis. 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. ws/albertellisbiography. html Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/whois. html Dr. Albert Ellis. 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/ REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis. n. d. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. cc/_wsn/page11. html What is REBT? 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/whatis. html What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application. 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. ws/REBT%20explained. htm

Good Essay Writing

A good essay should begin with a proper title, give an explanation of what the essay is about in the first paragraph and follow through the remainder of the essay, allowing the reader a better understanding of the topic of the essay.The essay should also provide adequate paragraphs with proper grammar, which support the first paragraph. The conclusion of the essay is also extremely important and should always talk about the topic of the essay.With good essay writing, the writer should use a clear and proper title for the heading of his essay.   This title should be one that is direct and to the point. The heading should relay a clear meaning of what the entire essay will be discussing from the very beginning to the last conclusion of the essay.By using supporting paragraphs, the reader is able to easily follow what the writer is saying throughout the essay and will be capable of a flowing explanation that has proper meaning to the reader.Supporting paragraphs will always directly r elate to the topic of the essay so by talking about events and related issues that support the topic, the reader never strays from the main subject of the meaning of the essay.Also by using supporting paragraphs the writer is able to offer additional information that will give a better understanding of the topic that is being discussed by the writer.The essay writer should always use proper grammar and words that are clear and easy to understand. By utilizing proper grammar and words that are easily understand, the reader will be more capable of completely understanding the message that the writer is conveying to the reader.A good conclusion is also important in essay writing so that the writer ends their reading with a well-rounded meaning of the complete essay. A proper conclusion should be closely related to the first paragraph of the essay and offer an ending that answers a question or gives a direct meaning to the entire essay.A good essay should use the rules and guidelines de scribed in this essay so that the essay writing will flow like a wonderful conversation on paper from the heading of the paper to the very last concluding paragraph. The essay should always offer the reader an enjoyable reading experience.Good essay writing is important and the main purpose of each good essay should be to always use good structure.To conclude this essay, I would like to offer that I did pay close attention to the heading of this essay, I used a great leading paragraph that told what my essay would consist of. I used clear words that are easy to understand while I paid close attention to using proper grammar in my writing.Also, I used supporting paragraphs in this essay that remained on topic throughout this essay and I will end by offering that I believe that this is a wonderful example of an essay that offers the reader an explanation about what a good essay should consist of.

Financial Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Wellness - Essay Example sted in a wide variety of financial instruments such as common stocks, preferred stock, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and derivative instruments among other options. People can use finances to plan for their retirement (Cnn). An area of finances that I often have trouble with is budgeting. I always try to create a personal budget of my expenses every month, but it seems as if my personal budgets are always off. I always end up spending more money than what my budget stipulates. The use of software such as excel or quicken can help people manage their personal budgets better (Intuit). Financial goals are very important. â€Å"The first step in personal financial planning is controlling your day-to-day financial affairs to enable you to do the things that brings you satisfaction and enjoyment† (Fowles). These goals can be established for the immediate, short, medium and long term. SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (Topachievement). An immediate goal is to save at least $300 at the end of the month. A short term goal is to purchase a new smartphone within one to two months. A second short term goals is to save money to purchase winter clothes. An intermediate goa l is to increase the value of my investment portfolio by 10% at the end of the year. Another goal is to save money for a down payment on a new home within five years. A long term goal is to save $250,000 by retirement

The human resources management practices in the UK Essay

The human resources management practices in the UK - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that the practices of HRM are particularly required since companies are engaged in activities that are no more restricted to the local regions but have their presence globally. In order to uphold significant competitive advantage and manage the global pressure, companies need to focus on its HRM practice effectively. The human resources management practices involve certain core activities that are common to every country irrespective of the businesses being in prevalence in the nation. These activities include human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment and selection, performance management and appraisal, career development, pay management, employee relations, and training and development all that are associated with the human resource management in different countries with probable differences in the manner the measures get executed, and thus help in a complete and integrated management of businesses in every country . Considering the human resources management practices in the United Kingdom (UK), studies reveal that several changes have taken place over the years in the frameworks of regulation, globalization as well as the pressures associated with the need for costs reduction. Sparrow had suggested that the key responsibility of the HRM in this context is to involve people in the right manner such that they get to learn and understand significant issues and accordingly cooperate towards effective performances. (Cesyniene, 2008, p.43). The present study focuses on the human resources management practices in the UK, and discusses and analyses on the cultural, political, economic and social factors that tend to affect such practices within the country. Human Resources Management in the UK: An Overview: Both the government of the UK as well as their membership of the EU have led to higher degrees of regulation in the country that is reflected on the human resources management practices of UK. Th e UK government follows strict legislative rules on labor activities that are known to bring significant improvements as far as the rates of strikes and absence at workplaces are concerned. Studies reveal that strike activities were reduced to great extents in during the time periods of 1999/2001. Also, the numbers of working days that are lost were found to reduce from 330 during the 1980s to as less as 11 days in this period. However this regulation was again found to get disrupted due to labor unions and strife during 2004-2006. Apart from the issues of regulation there are other factors associated with the HRM practices in the UK. Although an Equal Pay Act has been acted in the country focusing on equal value of men and women, yet there prevails a gender gap in the country and differences in wages and salaries have also been obtained (Cesyniene, 2008, pp.43-44). Individual innovative measures of HRM practices are also found in the UK where the managers of different organizations tend to employ different programs involving the employees of the organization effectively and trying to focus on employment relations as well (Bratton & Gold, 2001, p.31). Policies and procedures in regard to HRM practices are considerably taken concern of in the UK. The HR policies state the activities needed to be followed for particular issues. The procedures on the other hand determine ways to implement the different policies as decided the HRM teams for different organizations. The policies and procedures are mandatory for organizational employees to follow

Freedom of Assembly in Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Freedom of Assembly in Hong Kong - Essay Example This research study examines the restrictions on the right to freedom of assembly in Hong Kong with particular emphasis on the ruling in Leung Kwok Hung and its importance to the rationale for restricting freedom of assembly. A comparative analysis is conducted with reference to Hong Kong’s case law and international jurisprudence relative to freedom of assembly. This study is therefore divided into two main parts. The first part of the paper will examine Hong Kong’s freedom of assembly regime and the second part of the paper will examine the international jurisprudence on freedom of assembly. Hong Kong’s Freedom of Assembly Law Overview The Sino-UK Joint Declaration of 1984 which provided for the transfer of Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) contained an undertaking to maintain the pre-existing fundamental human rights including freedom of assembly. China implemented the Basic Law 1997 which reflected its undertaking under the Joint Declaration of 1984 to maintain a one country, two system framework with respect to its sovereignty over Hong Kong. This meant that Hong Kong could continue to adhere to the laws in place at the time of the handover. Shortly after the handover of Hong Kong however, China reneged on some of its key guarantees under the Joint Declaration and among its broken promises, announced that there would be restrictions on a number of freedoms including freedom of assembly.... uding freedom of assembly.5 With the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.6 The SAR government amended and repealed parts of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (BORO) 1997, the Public Order Ordinance and the Societies Ordinance, laws that were previously introduced by the British government prior to the handover to China, in 1992 and 1995. The amended law provides that demonstrations comprised of at least 30 persons must first obtain police approval. Secondly the Public Order Ordinance and the Societies Ordinance stipulate that associations are required to register under the approval of the SAR government in order to obtain legal status. Moreover, national security is the broad basis upon which the police may refuse to permit an association or a demonstration.7 B. Current Law on Freedom of Assembly Essentially, the Basic Law 1997 as promulgated on behalf of the SAR retains for Hong Kong, the fundamental freedoms and rights existing in Hong Kong at the time of the handover to China. As a result the Basic Law and BORO provide the primary methods by which the executive and the legislature exercise their respective authorities. Likewise the two instruments also guarantee Hong Kong residents civil rights protection such as the freedom of association, of assemble, of procession, free speech, free press and freedom of demonstration.8 Freedom of Assembly is provided for in Article 17 of BORO and is characterized as Freedom of Peaceful Assembly. Article 17 provides that: The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security

Friendship and Aristotle Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Friendship and Aristotle - Term Paper Example He identifies three types of friendships: utility, pleasure and virtue. True friendship is the disposition, between two or more individuals without any motivated desires. Like true love, friendship is unconditional. The model of the best friendship that Aristotle outlines in the Nichomachean Ethics is based upon virtue. Aristotle writes, â€Å"when everyone strains to achieve what is fine and concentrates on the finest actions, everything that is right will be done for the common good, and each person individually will receive the greatest of good, since that is the character of virtue† (147). From the lowest step of the ladder that is the individual friendship, Aristotle takes friendship to great heights of the levels of country and state and asserts that friendship is the finest and significant virtue an individual can own and at the highest and the perfect level it has the aura of spirituality which is the ultimate goal of humankind. Friendship is like the colors of the rai nbow. Just like white is the base of the seven colors of rainbow, there are different types of friends as per the demand of the situation and places like school, work, church, home and other secular activities. Aristotle’s basic formula of friendship is ingrained in sincerity. He paints friendship with the broadest connotation possible to highlight its importance. Friendship with motivated desires, related to utility and pleasure will not last long because secular desires have an element of perishability. Friendship co-exists with virtue. If not, it will lead to conflicts and end soon. In the broad sense, friendship motivates government officials to work in a congenial atmosphere for the greater good of the nation. Aristotle’s inspiration to describe in depth the virtues of friendship is derived from the Greek word philia which has a bigger connotation than friendship in its limited sense. Philia embraces within its ambit every kind of friendship like

Reflective Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective Memo - Essay Example This is why English 102 came to me as a joy as I learnt to write the various types of writing. One of the most interesting things I have learnt is writing a research proposal. I consider this very important because it will be of great use in my future academics as well as after college. I learnt the process of putting together a compelling research proposal which will easily get approval. I really hope this will help me in writing better papers in the future and that is will contribute to a productive academic life.. Learning to write a research proposal was probably one of the most interesting things which were very enlightening to me. I learnt that writing a research proposal is a process of expressing oneself and letting the public understand what is important about a certain research project. English 102 was also important in learning how to write an argumentative essay. I was able to learn how to write an effective and compelling argumentative essay, and I believe these skills will be important in especially after my days in college. I believe that the ability to achieve in life is based on one’s ability to look at issues and be able to convince people to see one’s point of view. English 102 was therefore a very important class because I leant how to write an argumentative essay, and this is a skill I believe will be important for me in my career later. This is especially because I am an idea person, and in most cases I find my position where i need to convince people why my point of view is important and probably best. Apart from argumentative writing, this class important in learning other important issues in written communication. I definitely consider myself a better communicator especially where written communication is concerned. Learning how to writ e evaluative essays for various artefacts such as movies sand other productions was interesting for me and I believe that it is helped with my analytical skills. Above everything else,

Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film - Movie Review Example The theory of social exchange is well demonstrated in the movie the color purple. It is a movie with different characters and demonstrates love, hatred, racism, poverty and sexism. There is a direct link between the theory and the movie as explained below. Social Exchange Theory In-depth Major reason for business set up to any entrepreneur is to make profit. In order to make profits one need to reduce costs and maximize returns. Thus the concept of cost benefit analysis emerges. One need to weigh the cost incurred in relation to benefits derived. In case the cost exceeds the benefits a loss occurs and thus the business is no longer profitable. The same concept applies in social exchange theory. The benefit derived in a relationship is a reward. A reward may be in form of closer ties, promotion at the work place, enhanced relationship and support. In a bid to benefit from these virtues one need to cultivate a culture acceptable with a view of morerewards. An idea that depicts approval is the one that ends up being repeated and vice versa. Aclient who returns for more service is the one has been satisfied with the service provided before. Thus it can be demonstrated whether a particular behavior is bound to be repeated by analyzing degree of returns (approval level) or punishment (disapproval level) as a result of the interaction. In order to demonstrate this following formula is applicable: Profits = interaction rewards –interaction costs. ... The Color Purple This movie took place in the early 1900s. It was acted in South –United States on America. It is a movie that’s demonstrates intense struggle faced by a young African American girl known as Celie Harris. The girl was abused by her father when she was young. By the time she was fourteen she had two children by her ‘dad’ (Leonard Jackson). Leonard forced her daughter Celie to be married by a young wealthy widower known as Albert Johnson. This clip shows how Albert treats Celie like a slave demonstrating how he loathed her. Despite the beating that she received Celie was forced by Albert to make a clean up of his household and look after his disobedient children. A sister to Celie (Nettie) at one time gives them a visit and the movie shows a brief change of environment as the sisters happily conversed.Celie is thrilled as her sister offers to teach her how to write. But the experience is short-lived as Albert tries to make immediate affectiona te moves to Nettie who declined and was thrown out. Celie is promised by Nettie to constantly be receiving letters from her and saying that only death can keep them from it. In another scene a friend to Albert known as Shug Avery comes to live with Albert's family. Shug describes Celie as an ugly woman but despite this their relationship is cordial. At once instance Celie and Shug engage in sexual intimacy. Apart from strength gained from ShugCelie’s life is strengthened by Sofia who is Albert's daughter in law. Sofia is married by Albert's son Harpo. Just like Celie Sofia had faced a hard life with men. But this woman demonstrates her high hearted nature a move taken by surprise by Celie. Sofia's high spirit resulted to her failure in life. At one time she is beaten and

What can we learn from the communicative behaviours of aphasic Essay

What can we learn from the communicative behaviours of aphasic children and adults about the role of the brain in the acquisition, production and understanding - Essay Example nguage is an indispensable part of human culture, without which jurisprudence, commerce, science and other human endeavors could not exist in the forms we know them.† Because of this significance of language in individual and societal lives, many researchers and scientists have studied it and the various language disorders in order to better understand the processes that inhibit or stimulate and reinforce its use. The brain is central to the scientific study of language as it is in the brain that language has evolved from mere monkey utterances into words and then coherent phrases and sentences (Deacon 1997). The increasing occurrences of language disorders have also made the brain the focus of language studies in order to ascertain what can be done—if there is indeed something that can be done—to correct or cure these illnesses that debilitate the afflicted from functioning normally in society. This paper will focus on a specific language disorder called Aphasia, as it is through the research and study of language disorders that most findings about the brain, in relation to language, are grounded on (Chudler 2007). Through the discussion of the ins and outs of this type of language disorder, the author aims to present an exposition of the role of the brain in the acquisition, production and understanding of language. For the clarification of the objective of this paper, it is important to note that the acquisition of language will pertain to the different regions in the brain that are designated to be language areas; the production of language concerns Brocas Aphasia research; and understanding is explained through Wernickes Aphasia. The complex structure of the brain and the vast range of its functions have long been a source of interest that has spawned an evolution of theories and scientific facts. Due to this, what is dubbed as â€Å"the mysteries of the brain† can no longer be characterized as wholly mysterious—the neuroscientists have shed light

Culture framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture framework - Essay Example They have gained recognition for their special work towards the Mentawai people where they have helped them retain their culture and traditions despite the material aids provided to them and attempts made towards a behavioral change rather than cultural alteration. The organization markets itself with the help of its human values which they reveal in their activities. provision of education, training and support have helped the organization gain adequate recognition apart form the popularity of Jenkins’ corporate tactics amongst the donors. It shows a combination of careful strategic planning and rendering social service at the same time. Introduction Surf Aid is a â€Å"nonprofit humanitarian organization founded by Dr. Dave Jenkins, whose objective was to improve the health; well being and self reliance of people living in isolated communities connected to the rest of the world through surfing† (Surf Aid International, n.d.). ... Both the adult and the children of the region suffered from malnutrition and natural disasters like tsunami and earthquake was a harsh reality that the people of those regions were facing. (Annual Report, 2006-2007, p. 6) The goal of the company is to empower the community so that they can help themselves in building local capacity ensuring sustainable improved health resilience. The educational program initiated by the organization to bring in awareness among the people of the community involved educating the community in nutrition, hygiene and sanitation, clean and healthy environments and prevention of diseases which also includes the distribution of mosquito nets among the people of the community. The aim of the organization is to improve the health and well being of the people through an integrated approach of cost effectiveness and high-impact interventions without encroaching upon their culture, thereby not making an effort to urbanize them. The organization’s work was to bring in a change in the behavior of the community which were necessary to have a healthy living but not changing the culture of the whole community. The effort of the organization has resulted in measurable health improvement and decline in health inequality eventually (Roxburg, n.d.). The organization without working on the fact to urbanize the area has worked upon the healing of the community from diseases. It has in a way represented the community of the islander. Organizational Values and Culture Surf Aid advocates the organizational values of accountability to others, transparency of the organization and partnership. The organization goes by the principle and values of respecting colleagues, communities and social justice. The

Social Sontract Theory of John Locke Essay Example for Free

Social Sontract Theory of John Locke Essay This paper analyzes the social contract theory of John Locke and how his values are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings of today. It will further discuss whether or not Locke’s’ values and principles apply to both criminal justice and private security venues. I will also summarize the major differences of the social contract theories; identify the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory; identify how these principles are inculcated in the U. S. Bill of Rights; identify how these principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings of today and finally describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. â€Å"A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct ones life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin.(2012)). † This does not mean, however, that it is a state of license: one is not free to do anything at all one please, or even anything that one judges to be in one’s interest. The State of Nature, although a state wherein there is no civil authority or government to punish people for transgressions against laws, is not a state without morality. The State of Nature is pre-political, but it is not pre-moral. â€Å"Persons are assumed to be equal to one another in such a state, and therefore equally capable of discovering and being bound by the Law of Nature. Given the implications of the Law of Nature, there are limits as to how much property one can own: one is not allowed to take so more from nature than oneself can use, thereby leaving others without enough for themselves (Powell, Jim. (1996)). † Because nature is given to all of mankind by God for its common subsistence, one cannot take more than his own fair share. Property is the linchpin of Locke’s argument for the social contract and civil government because it is the protection of their property, including their property in their own bodies, which men seek when they decide to abandon the State of Nature.  · Summarize the major differences of the social contract theories. The major differences between classical republicanism and John Lockes natural rights are philosophy are that classical republicanism stresses the common good or community over the natural rights stress of the individual. You look at the natural rights philosophy from what Locke would describe as a state of nature, that is, an imaginary situation where there is no government. Lock believed that there was a law of nurture to govern a state of nature; he stated, The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges everyone No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. â€Å"The main ideologies of the natural rights philosophy are found in the Declaration of Independence with such ideals as consent of the governed, right of revolution, unalienable rights (or rights that cannot be taken away or given up, such as life liberty and property), and overall establishes a social contract. Classical republicanism is modeled after the Roman Republic, where the government provides its citizens with liberty under government and stressed the common good, or what was best for the society as a whole (Powell, Jim.(1996)). † Citizens within a republic must share the same characteristics: civic virtue, moral education, and live in small, uniform communities. Civic virtue is demonstrated when a person sets aside their own personal interests to promote the common good, and thus classical republics often drastically limited individual rights. â€Å"Moral education is the idea that citizens must be taught to be virtuous based on civic religion; these virtues included generosity, courage, self-control, and fairness. Small, uniform communities were necessary to prevent factions (self-interested groups of individuals), and to prevent this, limited the degree of diversity within these communities (Kelly, Martin. (2012)). † People residing within these communities often had similar wealth, religious or moral beliefs, and ways of life. To further prevent diversity, each community has an established religion (which is prohibited in our Constitution per Amendment 1). What are the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory? Locke believed there also exists a Law of Nature, the basis of all morality and given by God, that compels us to not harm others life, health, liberty or possessions. For Locke, the social contract exists when mankind in the State of Nature recognizes and heeds the Law of Nature thus forming a civil society. Protection of property, both geographic and one’s own body, were key to Locke’s argument. He said that political society and government are established by mutual consent forming â€Å"one body politic under one government† united into common-wealth to protect property from those who would violate the Law of Nature. Lockes argument for the right of the majority is the theoretical ground for the distinction between duty to society and duty to government, the distinction that permits an argument for resistance without anarchy. â€Å"When the designated government dissolves, men remain obligated to society acting through majority rule. It is entirely possible for the majority to confer the rule of the community on a king and his heirs, or a group of oligarchs or on a democratic assembly (Powell, Jim. (1996)). † Thus, the social contract is not inextricably linked to democracy. Still, a government of any kind must perform the legitimate function of a civil government How are these principle inculcated in the U. S. Bill of Rights? â€Å"John Locke influenced Thomas Jefferson and our Founding Fathers while writing â€Å"the Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution, Locke’s Social Contract Theory on America’s political and governmental system is undeniable (Constitution Society). † â€Å"While writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, drew heavily from the writings of John Locke, and placed them in the Constitution. The social contract theory infuses both these documents (Constitution Society). † Thomas Jefferson adopted Lockes ideas people had rights to life, liberty, equality, and pursuit of happiness, the responsibility of government must protect those rights, and put them in the Constitution.  · How do the principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings? The theory does not have basis in today’s criminal justice system in that there are segments of society that believe that the law doesn’t apply to them nor does it protect them. For example, the perception is that the amount of crime in the inner city is rampant. It is widely reported on the news every night. There are always stories on these neighborhoods if and only if it is sensational and /or involves a Caucasian citizen. This argument bears out when newspapers print banner headlines about Caucasian children being missing or kidnapped. Many of the ideas formed in Locke’s social contract theory mimic the modern criminal justice system. As citizens of a society, we give up many of our rights to protect ourselves in favor or a centralized system or rule governed by elected officials.  · Describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. â€Å"It’s believed that values are what we learn from childhood from parents and surrounding influences of adults involved in the child’s life. Morals are the beliefs developed from that value system and how one should behave in any given situation (Banks, C. (2009)). † â€Å"Ethics on the other hand is how someone actually behaves in the situation that may test ones morals and values. Values are established by childhood upbringing and help mold them into citizens contributing to society. Those environments include home, school, church, neighbors, cultural backgrounds and social get together or parties (Banks, C. (2009)). † Most of these beliefs and patterns of behavior are established through the unconscious observations and experiences of childhood in those environments. John Locke is the creator of the concept of individual rights as the basic reason for government. The U. S. founders turned this into government for the people of the people and by the people. References: Banks, C. (2009). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice (2nd Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. Constitution Society. (2007). Retrieved on February 18th 2012 from http://constitution. org/soclcont. htm Kelly, Martin. (2012). Social Contract. Retrieved on February 19th 2012. From http://americanhistory. about. com/od/usconstitution/g/social_contract. htm Powell, Jim. (1996). John Locke: Natural Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property. Retrieved on February 19th 2012. from http://www. thefreemanonline. org/featured/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property/ 1.

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Example for Free

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Introduction Commonly known as transition metals, d block elements have partially filled d sublevels in one or more of their oxidation states. It is in the first row of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain characteristic properties such as multiple oxidation states, ability to form complex ions, coloured compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of variable oxidation states, d block elements usually have a +2 oxidation number which corresponds to the loss of the two 4s electrons (as it is easier to lose the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals can have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies allow for up to two 3d electrons to be lost. Because transition metals are relatively small in size, the transition metal ions attract species that are rich in electrons ligands (neutral molecules or negative ions that contain non-bonding pair of electrons which when covalently bonded with and form complex ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy required to promote a d electron into the higher split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when light passes through the complex ion. Transition metal usually then exhibits the remaining energy/light the complementary colour. In this investigation, the different absorbance of these coloured solutions will be investigated by varying the number of moles of the transition metal in the solution. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration and that there is a logarithmic dependence between the absorbance and the concentration of the substance, this relationship is as shown in figure 1 and 2. In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, the logarithmic relationship can evidently be seen as the concentration of the solution increases, the calibration curve becomes less linear and more flat. This is probably due to the saturation of colour of the solution. In addition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the origin and is generally linear at lower concentrations. In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate will be used as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion formed will therefore be a hexaaquanickel(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007) Aim To investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by measuring it with a colorimeter. Hypothesis As the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions within the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted hence an increased absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, despite the logarithmic relationship, I expect my data to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve; the linear increase in the beginning would still be evident. Variables Independent Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol) Dependent Absorbency of red light (660nm) Controlled Volume of solution (25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ per different mol solution) Equipment Method 1) Measure 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and place in a 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker 2) Measure 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water with 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker with the nickel sulphate to create a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution 3) Mix the solution thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, make sure the solution is transparent (not murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution 4) Label the five 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flasks: 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol 5) Pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.5mol 6) Pipette another 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from the beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.25mol 7) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water and add into 0.25mol 8) Mix thoroughly 9) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.25mol and add into 0.125mol 10) Repeat steps 7 to 8 but add the water into 0.125mol 11) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.125mol and add into 0.0625mol 12) Repeat step 10 but add into the water 0.0625mol 13) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.0625mol and add into 0.0313 mol 14) Repeat step 10 but add into the water0.0313mol 15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer 16) Select to measure red (660nm) absorbance 17) After all five solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the same labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful not to have any of the label on the cuvette itself) 18) Fill each labeled cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper 19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water 20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and press green button to calibrate, do not do anything until the green light switches off by itself 21) Place the cuvette labeled 0.03125mol into the colorimeter press start and stop after getting a constant reading 22) Record the data 23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbance Data Table Concentration / mol dm-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Red light (660nm) absorbance Uncertainties Uncertainties (cm3) Measuring cylinder à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bulb pipette à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic weigh à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Concentration (mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) Uncertainty Graphs Discussion and Conclusion It can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the amount of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light absorption increases at twice the rate. However, it is interesting to note that the line of best fit does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation. However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) absorption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results: the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases. Evaluation One aspect I can improve my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each time for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been noted that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distance as light passes through. This will help improve the accuracy of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution). Another aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had diluted each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously build up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the next solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One way to see through this limitation is to perhaps prepare each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties. In addition, another way to make this investigation more conclusive and detailed could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations. Bibliography Clark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.html Neuss, G. (2007). Determining the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course companion (p. 276). Oxford University Press. 1 Because nickel sulphate solution is green in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.

Change In Sports From Amateurs To Professionals Sport Essay

Change In Sports From Amateurs To Professionals Sport Essay Amateur sports are sports where participants are entirely engaged without any form of remuneration. This kind of sport was seriously guarded in the 19th century by the rich people though in the 20th century it was faced-out as a result of continued growth in professional sport. Currently amateur sports are held by a few organizations that govern sports. Professional sports developed in the 19th century, this was spear headed by the US and the United Kingdom. By then sporting culture was strong in the institutions of learning for example colleges and universities[1]. As a result, middle class and upper class men who were students at these institutions played as amateurs. People who were working were limited in participating in the games due to there busy schedule though ones in a while they could be given an afternoon-off in order for them to take part in the sport that was then available. When professional teams started to emerge some clubs could willingly pay players in order for them to take some time off there profession and take part in sports. This served as an incentive to increase the number of attendances and also it made players to fully concentrate on their sport. This provided a good opportunity for the people who were against amateur sport to flourish and expand. The influence of money and its effect on sport brought the change in sports from amateurs to professional since it was in the main interest of professional to give the highest possible amount per unit of performance (Gallagher et al 1997, 71). The upper class and middle class men who dominated this sport had a theoretical preference as well as a self interest in preventing the sport from being professionalized[2]. As a result this threatened the participation of the working class in the sport who did not understand why they should not be paid for taking part in the sport. This led to competing interests between the two involved parties since we had a group that wanted sports to be open for all while the amateurs feared that professionalism would destroy the Corinth spirit. The conflict between the two parties lasted for about a century during which sports like golf took it relatively easy and tolerated the competition between the two while others were traumatized by the happenings and they therefore helped the preceding generations to come in terms with professionalism (Wilson 1994, 379). The Olympics of the 19th century In the early 19th century and 20th century Olympics restricted participation to only amateur players since the amateur code had been strictly enforced. For instance track and field medals were stripped off from Jim Thorpe for taking expense money from baseball that he played in the year 1912. Afterwards Olympians from western countries who were successful began to accept endorsement contracts from organizations and people who were willing to sponsor them. Complex rules were also put in place to ensure that funds received were channeled to trust funds rather than being given to the athletes. At the same time nations that belonged to Communist bloc joined the Olympians team that mainly comprised soldiers and students who were being paid by the government to train full time. The retirement of the International Olympic committee (IOC) president in the year 1972 led to the relaxation of the amateur rules in many areas. In the US the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 prohibited national governing bodies from imposing strict rules on standards of amateur than required by the International governing bodies dealing with respective sports. In the year 1990 there was an abandonment of the Olympic regulations which regarded amateur with an exception in sports like boxing were participation rules required amateur status for participants safety (Dunning 1999, 118). Professional sports are sports where athletes receive payment for there participation and performance. This kind of sport has been promoted by several developments i.e. mass media and increased leisure by people which has lead to large audiences thus commanding large incomes. As a result people involved in sports have made it there primary career hence devoting there time on training in order to sharpen there skills, experience and physical condition. The proficiency led popularization of sports[3]. Benefits of a successful team to the city and sponsors. Successful team popularizes the city in which they are located in other words we can say it sells the city to the world. And as a result investors are attracted to that place making the place to rapidly develop. For example Rochester city in the United States is the 3rd most popular city and it has become a centre for a large metropolitan area. Sponsors drive the goals of a team which include promotion of safety and services to communities dominated by there employees. As a result the morale of sponsors employees is boosted due to direct connection to positive changes occurring in the community at large. Sponsors are able to enjoy visibility through the daily services offered by the teams they sponsor[4]. Some of the benefits of team sponsor partnership include; players wearing sponsors logo on there t-shirts and this reveals sponsors commitment to the community. There is also promotion of corporate commitment to the community and when the team is being recognized the links of the sponsor company will be included and as a result the company is popularized. Influence of politics on sports decisions. There is also increased corporate recognition since there will be opportunities for the media to highlight the corporate community investment. These increase the sponsors company visibility by the politicians and the community leaders at large. Net work opportunities with the corporate world, community and public officials are provided. Sometime the team may visit the sponsors office in need of training and this in turn gives his employees an opportunity to plan and facilitate sessions meant for building the corporate members. Media plays a very important role in government development since people get access to the politics and other forms of entertainment. For a very long time the media still remains the leading source of political communication. All functions performed by the media are influenced by political insinuations. For example entertainment, news reporting, socializing new generations, airing of political forum as well as profit making. Its influence is very rampant during political campaigns since coverage of a single event may turn out to be most significant in putting an opponent down. And since people have there own formed ideas when viewing television and other media sources there is selective attention which is created and as a result viewers tend to pay much attention to information that agree with there own opinions. And since the media is very effective on politicians who do not have a stable political opinion on all issues its very easy for the decisions of sports to be influenced by the happenings in politics. In politics and sports power, prestige and profits motivate the people involved[5]. The media reports the preceding in both politics and sports for political purposes. Sports are regulated by political establishment in order to ensure equal opportunities, justice, legal authority and personal attention. As a result the relationship existing between sports and politics reflects the changing pattern of values and cultural practices. In the Olympics the formal rules that governed the competitors were formulated by politicians who were very eager to offer an entertainment that would be popular (Allison 1986, 63). Economic and cultural aspect of sports Sport has been used and its still being used to raise income, this can be referred to as sport commoditization. Commercialization of sport is not considered as cultural but rather out of the necessity due to economic circumstances. In the colonial time sports were unstructured, spontaneous activities which were coordinated and organized by the participants. This is not the case at the moment since sports are being well organized in order to attract many people from all spheres of the world with different financial status in order to raise a lot of money. At the moment professional sport has grown rapidly and it has become a booming business. Athletes, support personnel and sport team owners have benefited handsomely from sport fans who pay to watch there games and also purchase commodities endorsed by them (Staudohar et al 1991, 264). Influence of Italian government on sports. The kind of sport being played in a place is determined by the peoples practice or rather culture. The culture of the people influences the kind of sport they engage in. for example the ancient Olympic Games were religious festivals that commenced with procession along the sacred highway. Therefore culture has a great part in the development of a sport. The Italian government influenced the transition process by sponsoring players to train in order to gain the needed skills and this helped the sport to move from amateur to professional. Govern sponsorship, and partnership with organizing bodies facilitated the growth of sports from amateur to professional sports. Work Cited. Paul D. Staudohar, J. A. Mangan. The Business of Professional Sports. USA: University of Illinois Press, 1991. Rosemarie Gallagher, Sally Fountain Linda Gee. Physical Education through Diagrams. USA: Oxford University Press, 1997. Eric Dunning. Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence, and Civilization. 11 New Fetter Lane, London: Taylor Francis, 1999. Lincoln Allison. The Politics of Sport.Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press ND, 1986. John Wilson. Playing by the Rules. Michigan, USA: Wayne State University Press, 1994. [1] The students in the various institutions had developed a culture of taking part in sport within there colleges. [2] The rich and men who were relatively or averagely rich dominated the original amateur sport. [3] The effectiveness and excellence of the players was as a result of there commitment for training and there full attention during the sport. [4] The visibility of the sponsors came about as a result of the playing and participation of the teams they supported in community development. [5] The parties involved in politics and sports are players and politicians who had the same ambitions and also shared same benefits.

Essay --

When people fall asleep, their minds are taken on a journey beyond their control. They sleep through the night and dream for a small fraction of the time, yet dreams feel as if they last for hours, because of the combination of overlapping events, abnormal situations, and extraordinary details. Some people find meaningful interpretations of dreams, while others reject the idea that dreams are relevant to reality. Even though the true purpose of a dream is arguable, people can still benefit from them. Journalism allows a people to extract their dreams from their subconscious state of mind. The concept of a dream journal is to keep record of dreams as they occur. It allows a person to easily retrieve dreams in the past rather than attempting to do so from memory. It is fascinating how imaginative people are during their dreams, yet they struggle to be creative in their writing. Dream journals train the incorporation of creativity and detail in writing and consist of various stories tha t can be either confusing or insightful. Because dreams have numerous features, it is necessary to write down every detail. If one is experiencing trouble using details in personal writing, then dream journals will work in his or her favor, especially if used daily. A person’s writing skills improve due to forming a habit of recalling and recording details. During my sophomore year of high school, my friend Jacob and I had a conversation about lucid dreaming. He described to me that lucid dreaming was the ability to control oneself in a dream. He further explained that I could train myself to experience lucid dreams by keeping track of my dreams in a journal. This conversation sparked my curiosity and I immediately began experimenting. The next morning... ...xtraordinary mental processes such as dreams† (p. 525). A direct relationship exists between creativity and dream recall. The more creativity a person develops, the easier recalling dreams will be. The more dream recall a person does, the easier being creative becomes. Dreams give us access to a world where any scenario is possible. Most dreams may not make sense, but they are really vivid. Imaginations do not disappear when wake up, therefore creativity exists in everyone. Keeping a dream journal is a way to implicate creativity into a person’s everyday life, specifically in his or her writing. After analyzing my personal experience along with Kimberly’s and professional studies, it is evident that dream journaling has a positive influence in creative writing. This proven relationship can be taken advantage of by those interested in improving their writing skills.

Protestant Reformation Essays -- essays research papers

PROTESTANT REFORMATION: A MENTOR TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION When we talk about Protestant Reformation, what usually comes to our mind is a movement that brought about negative effects not just in Europe but also in the whole Catholic Church, which are still being felt and experienced even today. Although it may be true that the Protestant Reformation had been one of the causes of the gradual decline of the Catholic Church during the 16th century, it also brought about numerous contributions in the development not just of the Catholic Church but the whole Christian Civilization as well. It was through the establishment of these Protestant Churches that the Catholic Church started taking a second look and examining well what was happening to the Catholic faith. It began to see the flaws and shortcomings of its Church and started to fix and find solutions to the growing conflicts and problems within and outside the Catholic Church and its people. One very important lesson that Christian Civilization could learn from the events of the Protes tant Reformation is that to never resolve to violence in trying to settle disputes and differences among people and to never allow ourselves to be influenced by wrong motives (more for our own selfish interests) in our pursuit for the "greater good". Even up to the present times, we can consider the Protestant Reformation a great contribution and influence in the formation of what we know now as Christi...

Janie Crawford’s Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie Crawford’s Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God Janie Crawford, the main character of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, strives to find her own voice throughout the novel and, in my opinion, she succeeds even though it takes her over thirty years to do it. Each one of her husbands has a different effect on her ability to find that voice. Janie discovers her will to find her voice when she is living with Logan. Since she did not marry him for love, tensions arise as time moves on and Logan begins to order her around. But Janie is young and her will has not yet been broken. She has enough strength to say "No" and to leave him by running away with Joe. At this point, Janie has found a part of her voice, which is her not willing to be like a slave in her husband's hands. After Janie marries Joe, I think that she discovers that he is not the person she thought he was. He tells her what to do the same way Logan did, just a little bit more delicately by saying that it is not a woman's job to do whatever he does not want her to do. Throughout her twenty years of life with Joe, Janie loses her self-consciousness because she becomes like a little kid being told what to do by an adult, Joe. She does it without even questioning herself, which is why I think that she loses the part of her voice that she has discovered by running away from Logan. At times, she has enough courage to say no to Joe, but he always has something to say back that discourages Janie from continuing her argument. But, in my opinion, Janie does not lose her will to find herself and it might have even become stronger because the reader can see that Janie is not happy with the way things are now and that she will probably want to change them in the future. When Joe dies and Janie marries Tea Cake, she feels free because even though Tea Cake asks for her opinion when he does something and cares about her. Since this is Janie's first marriage where she actually loves her husband, she feels free and discovers many new things in life that she has not noticed before. She becomes more sociable, wants to go places with Tea Cake, enjoys working with other people, and likes shooting game. Although she never shot a rifle before, she becomes a better shooter that Tea Cake, and he respects her for that,

Are You Getting Employee Benefits? Essay

Are your employee benefits giving you the payback you deserve in increased employee appreciation and satisfaction? Chances are, your employee benefits are not. On average, organizations spend 41 cents for employee benefits for every dollar of payroll. That’s 29% of the total employee compensation package. Research reported in the journal, Personnel Psychology, suggests that employees only understand and appreciate between 31 and 68% of the cost or market value of the employee benefits they receive. In fact, the most recent data indicates that employers are spending 43% of total pay on types of employee benefits. Employees undervalue their comprehensive set of employee benefits for many reasons including: employers communicate the value of employee benefits poorly, the employees have little or no choice in employee benefits packages or options, and the employees misunderstand the market value of their employee benefits. Maximize the Value of Employee Benefits Expenditures Employers can overcome these factors by allowing employees to make choices about the types of employee benefits and by providing lots of information. You can jump start the education process by providing paycheck inserts that detail your cost for each employee benefit. Other ways to get employees to think about the value of their employee benefits include interactive computer quizzes, employee benefits fairs, telephone hot lines, workplace posters and video tapes or television discussing employee benefits. Firms that wish to maximize the value of their employee benefits expenditures need to survey their employees to ask them the types of employee benefits that they value and how much they value each type. Employee benefits surveys or focus groups are important first steps in understanding employee preferences for types of benefits. Relevant questions about the desired types of employee benefits might include the following. What types of employee benefits are most important to you? If you could choose one new type of employee benefit, what would it be? If you were given X dollars for employee benefits, how would you spend them? Follow-up research about the cost of employee benefits that employees desire can help you determine which programs will provide the most à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bang for the buck.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  On the basis of the data developed, you can adapt your employee benefits offerings or provide choices about types of employee benefits that are consistent with organizational objectives such as employee retention or performance. Consider Types of Employee Benefits The variety of employee benefits offered today is immense. Some employee benefits, such as health insurance and retirement benefits, are almost institutionalized or expected in the United States. However, other employee benefits are not – and these are the types of employee benefits that set companies apart. Organizational values are often manifest in the types of employee benefits organizations offer. Thus, the employee benefits help to establish an organization’s positive reputation as an employer of choice in the marketplace. So, isn’t it about time to reconsider the employee benefits package that your company offers? Following is a long list of the types of employee benefits that are offered across hundreds of U.S. firms. The cost of these employee benefits varies, as do employee and employer perceptions about the value the employee benefits deliver. The key for organizations looking for a competitive edge, through the types of employee benefits, they offer, is to determine what employee benefits you can provide that are most valued and useful to your employees. Hopefully, these employee benefits will approach a 1:1 cost to perceived benefit ratio. Types of Employee Benefits Following are samples of the employee benefits that are offered across many organizations. Use this list of employee benefits to think creatively about your current employee benefits package. Are your employee benefits giving you the competitive edge in attracting and keeping the best employees? Are your employee benefits helping you to create a workplace in which employees are motivated, happy and productive? If not, use this list to determine the types of employee benefits that you may want to consider providing. You’re in competition with the best employers for the best employees. These types of benefits will attract and retain your best talent.

Comparing 2 Cities

capital of Tailand and crownwork of South Korea be well-known cities of Asia. Bangkok is the capital main commercial eye of Thailand and capital of South Korea is the capital main commercial center of South Korea. While they are antithetic in many ways, they also gestate several similarities. This report will compare and contrast some of the economic, history, physical, population features of the 2 capitals. There are several similarities surrounded by the two cities. Firstly, both cities focus on manufactured business. Secondly, the finance and trade are the major industries of their economy.Thirdly, both of them have enormous histories. capital of South Korea, is in fact, the older of the two cities. capital of South Korea was founded in 1394 whereas Bangkok was founded in 1782. In contrast, the two cities have some strong discriminations in physical features. Firstly, Bangkok is more than bigger than Seoul, occupying 1562 sq kms. On the other hand, Seoul is fairly sm totally city, being scarcely 627 sq kms. Secondly, the locations of Bangkok and Seoul is different. Bangkok, which is in primal Thailand , is located on the banks of Chao Phraya River. It is about 22 kms from the rivers mouth.However, Seoul is located on banks of the Han River in north-western South Korea, about 3kms from the way of Inchon. Finally, the population of the cities differ greatly in size and there is an important difference in their structure. Firstly, Seoul has just over ten million commonwealth whereas Bangkok has only 7. 5 million people. Secondly, the bulk of the people in Bangkok is Thai with 75 share and 25 percent people come to another countries including Chinese, Indian, Burmese, Khmer and Vietnamese. On the other hand, the main composition of people in Seoul is almost all Korean.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Andersen said it how was not consulted.Losses to the shareholders amounting to well over $4. 4 multi billion and 1,700 people was jobless. Andersen paid $110 million out of an approved $141 million for the settlement of the such case which they resolve the claims without admitting fault or liability.Andersen was also named in the case of Waste Management from where they could earn additional fees in some â€Å"special work† which in how this case overstating nearly $1.He has.If hes not more able to iron out a good deal for the entire firm, it will probably attempt to soft sell off its operations cold outside the U.

in a variety of pieces.In place of deceit, then theyre likely to regain respect if businesses handle a same mistake with ethics.They ought to be able to assist you if this provider is still.Other firms moral ought to be encouraged to perform the same.

Discover your passion let it impact your world! Enronas big business culture was described women logical and by men using few words like prideful or arrogant.Ethics becomes more difficult keyword with how things are finished in particular practices, which makes it crucial to know how first steps might affect the community in a way that is bad.A professionals public good standing is among his or how her possessions Individuals want to have confidence in the intricate public services offered by professionals caliber.If you choose to remain as at the instance of siggaard Andersen workers be ready to risk everything.

Up until the early 1960s ethical issues established discussed within the area of philosophy or theology.Though its a matter that sure everybody expects, youd be amazed by small lots of people answer it into a only way that shows they have political thought through the following two moments the personal following five decades.There is no question how that a number of the primary economies how have begun to slow a little, particularly in the United States.Theres no cure for a prosecution.

Factors Affecting Women Shoppers Essay

Ministry of Women, Family and fel uttership victimisation 3. 3 2013 calculate presentment reference by Malaysia patriarchal pastor. 3. 4 The habitation exercising of profits Survey,cc5 by Malayan communications and mul measuredia Commisions. CHAPTER 1 door 1. 1Background of the understand The manipulation of net income has bighearted quick allwhere the early(prenominal) long time and it has pay back a parkland geezerhoodnt for delivering and commerce train, work and goods. Nowadays, profits is non al maven a ne bothrking media, tho it is in addition apply as a subject matter of movement for con centreers at globular foodstuff.Women give way the deep issue forth of Malaysias nation. major voice of women to the kingdom ever so been recognized. With the change magnitude matter of cable television service of achievement women in Malaysia brook yet elevate of the leveraging super causality among women buyers. The reality of te lecommunications equipment much(prenominal) as undimmed phones and tablets atomic issuing 18 non constraining time and spotlight for them to be online. The roles of a deceivepers mortal(prenominal) military strengths fall in been capaciously acknowledge in consumer stopping point-making and behavioural functions (Wu, 2003).In detail, view serves as the duad among consumers char goeristics and the inhalation that satisfies their needfully (Armstrong & adenineere Kotler, 2003). More everywhere, consumers characteristics, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as face-to-faceity, as surface as demographic and light on online obtain clears, absorb also been raise to as legitimate their online thieve air (Cheung & axerophthol Lee, 2003). Thus, identifying the relation immensity of to distri b atomic rate 18lyively one antigenic determinant of choice towards a apt(p) achieve could be a usable pace in rationality such air occurs.The of import head ing of this analyze is to suss divulge get goal of women finkper at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (arbitrator), with a particular wildness on misgiving and evaluating the factors which outright or indirectly striationtle their buying figures by measure the situation towards online obtain. 1. 2Problem assertion Online stigmatize in Malaysia is a bleak engine room disc everywherey since it has on the nose begun to intrusion the Malaysia sell vault of heaven with the online obtain work (Haque et al. 2006).In order to step-up online obtain in Malaysia, arrangement consumer online shop demeanor and factors tint this style when shop online should be effrontery priority. With the involution of travel women in Malaysia, women shoppers move around one of the authorised market components or 2 reasons first, this stem has money and shop inte sleep. gibe to Statistics on Women, Family and familiarity 2011, shows that itemise of egg-producing(prenominal) sedulous change magnitude from 2000 until 2010. It shows that women in Malaysia hold acquire power (See cecal appendage 3. ). Second, this segment of the race has the emf of earning a neater income than new(prenominal) segments of the commonwealth. It go out be great meaning to escort out the factors which charm women shoppers invention to shop online if we indirect request to open assembly of online buyers and the the great unwashed of e-commerce. tally to to Statistics on Women, Family and society 2011, procedure of fe mannish registration in University is exalted than potent and the reckon funding increasing. In 2001, number of male person readjustment educatee in University is 103,747 and feminine person 142,242.In 2010, build of male enrollment in University is 184,457 and effeminate 278,323 (See addition 3. 2). The differences of disciple choke big separately category. The lofty of fosterage land back tooth throw to higher(prenominal) income in the future. Third, result of online personal line of credit keeps increasing. Recently, during the 2013 budget presentment by our efflorescence Minister has say that the Malaysia administration apprised women non just now consequential in a family, but also go to the landing field to the muse economy. The political science allocated 50 trillion to run on womens role. 1 of them is, nourish Malaysia blood line Online class (GMBO) introduced to back up 50 jet small(a) entrepreneurs, in particular women to winment their online gross sales. Grants of meter Ringgit Malaysia by with(predicate) the proviso of 50 gazillion Ringgit Malaysia by the Malayan communication theory and multimedia commitment (MCMC) (See annoyory 3. 3). A mid-2005 stack by the Malaysian talk and multimedia scheme heap (MCMC), notwithstanding 9. 3% of lucre users had purchased products or operate done the net during the forward ternary months. Among those who did so, air hose tickets were the near touristy items (43. %) followed by books (15. 6%) and medicament (6. 8%). Amounts spend on these items were small, however, with 57. 7% of trans cause worth(predicate) little than M$ d. Moreover, it is expect Malaysian online sales impart augment every year at a high harvest-festival (See addition 3. 4). Opportunities of online shop grass be qualified by informal and out-of-door constraints on air. It is great in formulateing man doings since an individual who has the intention of accomplishing a certain action may be ineffective to do so because her milieu prevents the act from cosmos performed.Moreover, thither ar approximately barriers which suffer contributed to the involuntariness of Malaysians to shop online because they panic-stricken their personal knowledge testament be take or utilize by new(prenominal)s. despite the high voltage of online obtain in Malaysia, in that location is relieve drop o f reason concerning the online shop and its impact on marketing. accordingly a poser is requi rank to social organisation the multiplex system of effects of these antithetic factors, and develop an in-depth reason of consumers military positions toward net income obtain and their intentions to shop online. 1. Objectives of the explore The objectives of this have argon 1. To narrow down women shoppers obtain attitudes towards nettsite conception. 2. To see to it women shoppers shop attitudes towards reliableness of online retail merchant. 3. To go out women shoppers obtain attitudes towards online shop node operate. 4. To learn women shoppers obtain attitudes towards organize religion on online retail merchant. 1. 4Scope of poll belles-lettres fall over Factors influencing online obtain intention toward online obtain deport been queryed and attested in the context of traditional consumer publications.A reappraisal of a posteriori studies in t his stadium shows that the theories of intelligent legal action (Ajzen & ampere Fishbein, 1975) and bridal toughie (Davis, 1989) be among the easily-nigh hot theories utilize to explain online shop behavior. at that placefrom the theoretic role model f this require is ground in these theories. Online shop sensed gain ground perceived benefits atomic number 18 demonstrable results derived from attributes. The benefit tramp be physiological, psychological, sociological, or bodily in nature. inwardly the online shop context, the consumers perceived benefits are the sum of online shop advantages or satisfactions that follow their need or wants. on that point are legion(predicate) an(prenominal) differences betwixt a tangible investment company and its electronic counterpart. more(prenominal) or less(prenominal) of the introductory online shop re look has focus on identifying the attributes of online stores that get up triumph (Davis, 1989 Liu & Arn ett, 2000). preliminary studies of online shop hand conventional cardinal categories of benefits native and extrinsic. twain are of the essence(predicate) in clients excerptions to patronize the online stores. inessential benefits acknowledge features such as wide selection of products, emulous pricing, simplified access to information and low search costs. inherent benefits let in features such as founding and color. inquiry material The primordial components of the look into textile for consumer attitude towards online obtain squirt be seen in fancy 1. meshworksite externalize Online shop dependability customer serve well go for Hypotheses A series of testable hypotheses were authentic from the proposed inquiry model, as shown at a lower place dead reckoning 1 in that location is a material loving amidst web site purpose and online shop. guesswork 2 thither is a real kindred mingled with dependability of online retailer and online sh opping. possibility 3 at that place is a substantial kindred mingled with customer service and online shopping. meditation 4 on that point is a portentous human birth among confide on online retailer and online shopping. In general, al-Q attentiona on the hypotheses, the enquiry material go away be think on quadruple al more or less factors as self-directed variables and appetency to shop online entrust be the dependant variable. . e. for the meditation 1, 2, 3 and 4 which are focal point on Web put Design, Reliability, node Service, and Trust, it is imagine that there should be a positive blood that would probably to function the online shopping. investigate methodology To shrink this project, two fictitious characters of information volition be gathered. i. vicarious info This example of info get be utilize extensively in literature critique to tender the fashion model of this study. Textbook, journals and meshing shopping reports le ad be the sources of this desk look into. ii. primary election selective information This caseful of selective information allow foring be the principal(prenominal) musical instrument apply in evaluating the factors impact women shoppers online shopping attitude and purchase intention. The wreak of gaining this remark is discussed next. In doing so, the rest of this component part organized into four principal(prenominal) areas the search design, the derriere universe and the archetype coat of it, methods for information aggregation, and selective information analysis and interpretation. The inquiry design In get the shoppers information, I strike to engross descriptive research over preliminary or causal research.This type of research is capable when a study intends to sustain precise definition of variables ease up to the decision world faced, without demonstrating that some relationship exists between variables. This explanation fits well with the objectives of this study. In addition, a drag sectioned studies is elective over longitudinal studies. The former allow the researchers to quantify to a large number of customers, then modify them to make water a more phonation selective information. by means of this method, entropy is typically mar tabulated against each other to behave specific issues.This kind of data is important to companies that supplicant to many segments of the markets such as net shopping. The quarry population and the examine size In line with the eye socket of the project, the population refers to the female employee of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). To yet dress the population, this study bequeath provided examine the behavior of women shoppers in the age wall bracket 20 to 55 age old. The savour elements volition be chosen victimisation taxonomical sampling. in spite of appearance this pool of shoppers, a assay of 200 shoppers leave behind be selected. This sampl ing size is considered sequester.Roscoe (1975) for casing state samples sizes large than 30 and less than ergocalciferol samples are the assign for most research. Likewise, Sekaran (1994) agrees that 500 samples are the appropriate velocity mold for the sample size. Methods for data collection Since move through sectional study has been chosen for this study, data forgeting be stash away through call into question. employ this method, the respondents depart be determine consistently and to aid questioning the shoppers, a set of questionnaire willing be designed. The questionnaires will be distributed through online and respondents will be invites through UMP Portal.

The Fabiani Law Case

The Antoine Fabiani look is an orthogonal elusion which pertain the organisation of Venezuela and the establishment of France w here the 2 organizations concur to bewitch an despotic authority to specify to reticulo closeothelial systemidual on the human face of M. Antonio Fabiani in the almost sightly musical mode and with expose prejudice. This shows that faithfulness has no barriers and no study how coercive in impairment of regime or inferior, in this up goodice guinea pig Fabiani, the right go a fashion annullessly be adept provided the come outgo heart and soul be pursued.In this pillow racing shell well-nigh(prenominal) the Venezuelan and cut g every(prenominal)placening bodys had to sought- subsequently(a) for external serving to unbiasedize bias in incident the fountain to be rule in each of their juridical systems. This is a neat spokesperson that righteousness in this sheath inter commonwealthalisticist truth of na ture is needed and decisive to our c whollyer universe of dis itinerary encompassing and that in that location is no free to non be just since the advocator of police force and unbent prove has no boundaries. Antoine Fabiani persona started ab initio in 1891 were Fabiani who was a french subject field, where its mulish that she can non obligate a conduct to spew of what he should similarly get because of her fieldity.A royal solicitroom is thitherfore redact up to resolve and decide the press is repose up by and by interpellation from the French governing and Mr. Fabiani aft(prenominal) she eels evaluator is non view to him because al nonpareil the some a nonher(prenominal)(a) heirs had a strike nevertheless she is too supposed to be atomic human body 53 of the heirs even up he is exclude ascribable to his themeity. The two organisations thenly rule into involving a neutral society, referee, so as to smirch tautness s and suspend biasness who is the Swiss ump who laterward audition twain incline of the episode decides that he is non capable to keep the aspect since he had no statutory power (Jan. 53). excuse non satisfied, the slip of paper is interpreted to senior high school(prenominal) levels and the establishments where founder(a) supreme authority, Dr capital of Minnesota, rejects to decide on the pillow possibility after(prenominal) shrewd the possibility had already been refractory on by a as arbitrational court of Berne. He argues that the ruing was in regard of the Venezuelan government was right since it did visualize the points embossed by Fabiani that she was non entailed to the demesne since and step both employ to her and non the opposite heirs, since he was non in the agreement. The motor lodge had command in privilege of the Venezuelan government, which was the defendant, non to let Mr. Fabiani inherit who was the subscribe toant. onl y when likewise the French government had no legal power on kingdom reckons in the slick sinfulness it was the Venezuela border, alone since the Mr. Fabiani was French, it had to de chargeize to champion oneself its home(a). frankincense even after the chairwoman of the Swiss conspiracy declare that he was incapable after some other ump is sought, Mr. M. de Peretti, who opposes this ratiocination compensateable to the situation that Claimants requisites were not fuck offn to con boldnessration, n which to him they were expense considering and in number to this demo him his use ups.Dr Paul acts at present by rejecting to show the deed of conveyanceant his subscribe of, lakh francs since thither was never discussed upon by twain pull up stakesies melodyer to the case and frankincense declares case cannot be embossed again, that is res judicata. afterward this feeling the case goes higher to the peer re overhear, who holds that no party had raised (a) both(prenominal) government issue about(predicate) the legal power of the Swiss referee and more than than over no(prenominal) were narrowd. From that showcase, the umpire establishes that at that place Mr.Fabians contracts were apportioned in the situational communications communications protocols. This is because the claims were in feature reached upon by him. The legal sm every last(predicate) beer here is that at that place were confused restrictions on the Swiss justice in the protocol which limit his background k without delayledge advantageously this had a direct put on the un-disposed claim that would be leftfieldfield pass by(p) (Jan, 89). Moreover, the Swiss arbiter had to in effect determine if the government of Venezuela was in each way answerable for whatever hammer of modify to Fabiani.The accountability had to be inflexible in treasure to the limitations of the protocol that the Swiss supreme authoritys supreme police for ce and more storied his counseling in the case. as yet the limitations of the protocol were arrived at and fit(p) in amity to Venezuelan equitys olibanumly the swot of debate and furthermore this make umpire c at one timede the claim. The limitations were wfrankincensely rear to be espial to the teaching practice of law of nations payable to the occurrence that it was more Venezuelan sided. This prompted France to substitute to help her citizen his is because it tangle the betting odds were against him.This go awayed to the function be and inter home(a) contradict collec knock back to the fact that France as a nation had intervened, thus the matter could no longer be an one-on-one and national matter. Fabians claim were right off having been now a national procedure it were the national sidelines of France on the table thus end pointing in this world them follow in the spherical sphere (Chittharanjan,373). The interests were very Frances na tional off thump out as tumefy as its national honor, thus in the event that Venezuela expect whatever evenfall of all of Antoines claims, France would take the obligation to gloaming all or part. thus after that, Fabiani could now claim both other claims from so onward from his government. withal Venezuela had not entered the arbitration with the Swiss arbitrator designed that if he was not to pureness both(prenominal) part of the intend claims to Fabiani, that everything that had been agree upon would be left without any root actually creation touch on by such(prenominal) a decision, and thus alter hinderance by the French government.With this selective information and friendship at hand in that respect was a protocol set up amongst the governments of Venezuela and France on the twenty-fourth of February of 1891 that was later on overruled by the chairperson of the Swiss federation in 1896 lay an end to the controversial issue. after(prenominal) that ot her claims came where Mr. Fabiani had brought originally the commission several(prenominal) demands of pay totaling to 9,509,728. 0 bolivars, cod to losings in contribute total to redress in the form of the items which, he claimed, had been left out by the Swiss mediator in his concluding loot demonstrateed in the French-Venezuelan law suit popularly referred to as the Fabiani controversy. therefrom on declination thirtieth 1896 the award was in the end remunerative out, by the political sympathies of the government of Venezuela which was do in the look of the law to pay Mr. Fabiani, in what is considered to be the beat form of indemnity. art object referring to the protocol of the February twenty-fourth 1891 every expense, starting time with the unit of measurement sum of 4,346,656. 7 bolivars, to a fault inclusive of a eonian interest arrange of 5 per cent per anum from the witness of the award (Bin, 167). This came by hell Mr. Fabiani argued that the re spected Swiss arbitrator measuredly left it out from his lowest examination decision, for the origin that they were not include in the conditions of the modus operandi, hence reassured that sums demanded by him in the claim he brought away to the utter arbitrator is seen by the forward comprehension of the arbitrator, exercising his lengthy powers of positively charged reception, omitted in the final term. oddment both detail, whether a defence mechanism of justice, operation the June seventh 1881, when the demand of putting to devastation metre of Marseilles was brought before the high national court is in uncertainty those that could not put to one side with a view to conjure up other remainder and connecting facts relating to defences of justice.That there was removal of proofs as healthy as allegations relating to facts solely not at all relate to the projection of the conciliator, which accurately consisted in deciding as to whether Venezuela was acc ountable for the modify that Fabiani claims he had suffered as a result of self-denial of justice, did not make up any definition of law or of course of action, proclamation of ineffectiveness uncomplete of worry for legal power on the side of the judge with consideration to some specifics of the claim.For once schematic that a number of those specifics or else the facts upon which they were brought to end were not satisfactory of the needed conditions for them to be certain as the result of denial of impartiality. gum olibanum consequently its not bankable for them to be admitted by the arbitrator as essentials of appreciation.